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Journal of anatomy2006; 208(4); 513-526; doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00547.x

The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse.

Abstract: Horses can gallop within hours of birth, and may begin training for athletic competition while still growing. This review cites studies on the effects of exercise on bone, tendon and articular cartilage, as detected by clinical and research imaging techniques, tissue biochemical analysis and microscopy of various kinds. For bone, alterations in bone mineral content, mineral density and the morphology of the mineralized tissue are the most common end-points. Apparent bone density increases slightly after athletic training in the cortex, but substantially in the major load paths of the epiphyses and cuboidal bones, despite the lower material density of the new bone, which is deposited subperiosteally and on internal surfaces without prior osteoclastic resorption. With training of greater intensity, adaptive change is supervened by patho-anatomical change in the form of microdamage and frank lesions. In tendon, collagen fibril diameter distribution changes significantly during growth, but not after early training. The exact amount and type of protracted training that does cause reduction in mass average diameter (an early sign of progressive microdamage) have not been defined. Training is associated with an increase in the cross-sectional area of some tendons, possibly owing to slightly greater water content of non-collagenous or newly synthesized matrix. Early training may be associated with greater thickness of hyaline but not calcified articular cartilage, at least in some sites. The age at which adaptation of cartilage to biomechanical influences can occur may thus extend beyond very early life. However, cartilage appears to be the most susceptible of the three tissues to pathological alteration. The effect of training exercise on the anatomical or patho-anatomical features of connective tissue structures is affected by the timing, type and amount of natural or imposed exercise during growth and development which precedes the training.
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Publication Date: 2006-04-28 PubMed ID: 16637875PubMed Central: PMC2100207DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00547.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper examines the impact of varying degrees of exercise on the bone, tendon, and articular cartilage in horses, observing some beneficial adaptations alongside potential pathological changes. A variation of methodologies, including imaging techniques and tissue biochemical analysis, was used to study these effects.

Effects on Bone

  • The study mentions that exercise was found to influence the bone mineral content, density, and the very form of the mineralized tissue. After athletic training, horses showed a marginal increase in apparent bone density in the cortex, the bone’s outer region. More significantly, there was a considerable density increase in the epiphyses and cuboidal bones, areas subjected to the most load during movement.
  • However, the newly formed bone has a lower material density and is deposited without prior osteoclastic resorption or bone breakdown. Besides, the paper points out the presence of adaptive and patho-anatomical changes. With increased training intensity, beneficial adaptive change gives way to negative patho-anatomical changes involving microdamage and significant lesions.

Effects on Tendon

  • The paper goes on to discuss the impact of exercise on tendons, predominantly collagen-based connective tissue. The collagen fibril diameter distribution does not change significantly during growth or early training. However, the researchers haven’t precisely defined the amount and type of prolonged training that results in reduced mass average diameter, taking it as an early sign of progressive microdamage.
  • Additionally, training is related to an increase in the cross-sectional area of some tendons, potentially due to increased water content of non-collagenous or newly synthesized matrix.

Effects on Articular Cartilage

  • The study also touches upon the effects of training on articular cartilage, suggesting that early training may result in an increase in hyaline thickness but not in calcified cartilage, at least in some sites. It implies that the adaptability of cartilage to biomechanical influences possibly extends beyond early life.
  • The paper warns that the cartilage was the most susceptible tissue to pathological changes and alterations.

Role of Timing, Type, and Amount of Exercise

  • Finally, the paper emphasizes the critical role of timing, type, and amount of exercise introduced during growth and development in influencing the effect of training exercise on the anatomical or patho-anatomical features of connective tissue structures.

Cite This Article

APA
Firth EC. (2006). The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse. J Anat, 208(4), 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00547.x

Publication

Journal of anatomy
ISSN: 0021-8782
NlmUniqueID: 0137162
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 208
Issue: 4
Pages: 513-526

Researcher Affiliations

Firth, Elwyn C
  • Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. E.C.Firth@massey.ac.nz

MeSH Terms

  • Adaptation, Physiological / physiology
  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Bone Density / physiology
  • Bone and Bones / anatomy & histology
  • Bone and Bones / physiology
  • Calcification, Physiologic / physiology
  • Cartilage, Articular / anatomy & histology
  • Cartilage, Articular / pathology
  • Cartilage, Articular / physiology
  • Horses / growth & development
  • Horses / physiology
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Tendons / anatomy & histology
  • Tendons / physiology

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