Analyze Diet
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2018; 8(12); 221; doi: 10.3390/ani8120221

Track Surfaces Used for Ridden Workouts and Alternatives to Ridden Exercise for Thoroughbred Horses in Race Training.

Abstract: Little is known about the types of surfaces used during training of Thoroughbred racehorses or methods of exercise used in addition to ridden track-work. Our aims were to (1) describe the types of surfaces used in the training of Thoroughbred racehorses and to (2) identify alternative approaches used to exercise horses in addition to, or in place of, ridden overground track-work. Information regarding surface and alternative exercise methods was collected as part of an in-person survey of training practices of 66 registered Thoroughbred trainers in Victoria, Australia. Sand and synthetic surfaces were used by 97% and 36% of trainers respectively for slow-workouts, with galloping on turf training tracks used in training regimens by 82% and synthetic by 58% of trainers. Of those trainers utilising turf tracks, only 34% of gallop training was completed on turf despite turf being the predominant racing surface. Almost 90% of trainers used alternatives to ridden exercise. There is substantial variation in training surface used and alternative types of exercise undertaken by Victorian trainers. Future research should focus on how such practices relate to injury risk, particularly as it relates to the importance of musculoskeletal adaptation to specific race-day surfaces.
Publication Date: 2018-11-26 PubMed ID: 30486234PubMed Central: PMC6316526DOI: 10.3390/ani8120221Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the types of training surfaces and alternative exercise methods used by Thoroughbred racehorse trainers in Victoria, Australia, revealing a wide variation in practices.

Training surfaces for Thoroughbred racehorses

  • In this investigation, the researchers conducted an in-person survey, gathering data from 66 registered Thoroughbred trainers in Victoria, Australia on the types of surfaces used for training.
  • It was found that 97% of trainers used sand surfaces for slow workouts, while 36% used synthetic surfaces.
  • For galloping workouts, on the other hand, 82% of trainers used turf training tracks, and 58% used synthetic tracks.
  • The research highlighted an interesting contrast: while turf is the predominant racing surface, only 34% of gallop training was performed on turf surfaces.

Alternative exercise methods

  • The study also aimed to identify the extent of non-ridden exercise methods incorporated by trainers.
  • The survey results indicated that almost 90% of the trainers implemented alternative methods to traditional ridden exercise during training.
  • However, the specific types of these alternative methods were not detailed in the research abstract.

Implications and future directions

  • The findings demonstrate that there is a notable variation in the types of training surfaces used and the alternative forms of exercise implemented by racehorse trainers in Victoria.
  • The authors stress the importance of future research investigating the potential correlations between these practices and injury risk in Thoroughbred racehorses.
  • This is particularly crucial given the noted discrepancy in the use of turf surfaces in training and racing, as musculoskeletal adaptations to specific surfaces could greatly impact race performance and injury likelihood.

Cite This Article

APA
Morrice-West AV, Hitchens PL, Walmsley EA, Whitton RC. (2018). Track Surfaces Used for Ridden Workouts and Alternatives to Ridden Exercise for Thoroughbred Horses in Race Training. Animals (Basel), 8(12), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8120221

Publication

ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 12
PII: 221

Researcher Affiliations

Morrice-West, Ashleigh V
  • U-Vet Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia. a.morrice@student.unimelb.edu.au.
Hitchens, Peta L
  • U-Vet Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia. peta.hitchens@unimelb.edu.au.
Walmsley, Elizabeth A
  • U-Vet Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia. eawa@unimelb.edu.au.
Whitton, R Chris
  • U-Vet Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee VIC 3030, Australia. cwhitton@unimelb.edu.au.

Grant Funding

  • N/A / The University of Melbourne, Racing Victoria Limited and the Victorian Racing Industry Fund of the Victorian State Government.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 29 references
  1. Georgopoulos SP, Parkin TD. Risk factors for equine fractures in Thoroughbred flat racing in North America.. Prev Vet Med 2017 Apr 1;139(Pt B):99-104.
  2. Cohen ND, Berry SM, Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Howard IC. Association of high-speed exercise with racing injury in thoroughbreds.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Apr 15;216(8):1273-8.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1273pubmed: 10767969google scholar: lookup
  3. Rosanowski SM, Chang YM, Stirk AJ, Verheyen KL. Descriptive epidemiology of veterinary events in flat racing Thoroughbreds in Great Britain (2000 to 2013).. Equine Vet J 2017 May;49(3):275-281.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12592pubmed: 27208544google scholar: lookup
  4. MacKinnon MC, Bonder D, Boston RC, Ross MW. Analysis of stress fractures associated with lameness in Thoroughbred flat racehorses training on different track surfaces undergoing nuclear scintigraphic examination.. Equine Vet J 2015 May;47(3):296-301.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12285pubmed: 24762263google scholar: lookup
  5. Kobluk CN, Geor RJ, King VL, Cronin T, Robinson RA. A case control study of racing Thoroughbreds conditioned on a high-speed treadmill.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1996;16:511–513.
  6. Misumi K, Sakamoto H, Shimizu R. The validity of swimming training for two-year-old thoroughbreds.. J Vet Med Sci 1994 Apr;56(2):217-22.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.56.217pubmed: 8075207google scholar: lookup
  7. Verheyen KL, Wood JL. Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in British Thoroughbred racehorses in training.. Equine Vet J 2004 Mar;36(2):167-73.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044868684pubmed: 15038441google scholar: lookup
  8. Arthur R. Comparison of racing fatality rates on dirt, synthetic, and turf at four California racetacks. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners Proceedings Baltimore, MD, USA. 4–8 December 2010; pp. 405–408.
  9. Henley WE, Rogers K, Harkins L, Wood JL. A comparison of survival models for assessing risk of racehorse fatality.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Apr 17;74(1):3-20.
  10. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Horse-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds in the UK.. Equine Vet J 2004 Sep;36(6):513-9.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044877387pubmed: 15460076google scholar: lookup
  11. Setterbo JJ, Yamaguchi A, Hubbard M, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Effects of equine racetrack surface type, depth, boundary area, and harrowing on dynamic surface properties measured using a track-testing device in a laboratory setting.. Sports Eng. 2011;14:119–137.
    doi: 10.1007/s12283-011-0073-4google scholar: lookup
  12. Setterbo JJ, Fyhrie PB, Hubbard M, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Dynamic properties of a dirt and a synthetic equine racetrack surface measured by a track-testing device.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):25-30.
  13. Verheyen KL, Newton JR, Price JS, Wood JL. A case-control study of factors associated with pelvic and tibial stress fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses in training in the UK.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Apr 17;74(1):21-35.
  14. Dimock AN, Hoffman KD, Puchalski SM, Stover SM. Humeral stress remodelling locations differ in Thoroughbred racehorses training and racing on dirt compared to synthetic racetrack surfaces.. Equine Vet J 2013 Mar;45(2):176-81.
  15. Oikawa M, Kusunose R. Fractures sustained by racehorses in Japan during flat racing with special reference to track condition and racing time.. Vet J 2005 Nov;170(3):369-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.08.004pubmed: 16266852google scholar: lookup
  16. . 2017 Annual Report. Racing Victoria Limited [(accessed on 21 September 2017)]; Available online: https://cdn.racing.com/-/media/rv/files/racing-victoria-2017-annual-report.pdf.
  17. Harkins JD, Kamerling SG. Assesment of treadmill internal training on fitness.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1991;11:237–242.
  18. Self ZT, Spence AJ, Wilson AM. Speed and incline during thoroughbred horse racing: racehorse speed supports a metabolic power constraint to incline running but not to decline running.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012 Aug 15;113(4):602-7.
  19. Verheyen K, Price J, Lanyon L, Wood J. Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses.. Bone 2006 Dec;39(6):1322-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.025pubmed: 16926125google scholar: lookup
  20. Morrice-West AV, Hitchens PL, Walmsley EA, Whitton RC. Training practices, speed and distances undertaken by Thoroughbred racehorses in Victoria, Australia.. Equine. Vet. J. 2018 under review.
  21. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. The Athletic Horse: Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine.. Saunders; Philidelphia, PA, USA: 1994.
  22. Parkin TD, Clegg PD, French NP, Proudman CJ, Riggs CM, Singer ER, Webbon PM, Morgan KL. Risk factors for fatal lateral condylar fracture of the third metacarpus/metatarsus in UK racing.. Equine Vet J 2005 May;37(3):192-9.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164054530641pubmed: 15892225google scholar: lookup
  23. Nunamaker DM, Reynolds RS. Relationships of exercise regimen and racetrack surface to modeling/remodeling of the third metacarpal bone in two year-old Thoroughbred racehorses.. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 2002;15:195–199.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1632738google scholar: lookup
  24. Walmsley E, Steel C, Haines G, Lumsden J, O'Sullivan C. Colic after swimming exercise in racehorses: an investigation of incidence, management, surgical findings and outcome.. Aust Vet J 2011 May;89(5):180-3.
  25. Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, French NP, Firth EC. The effect of interruptions during training on the time to the first trial and race start in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Prev Vet Med 2013 Feb 1;108(2-3):188-98.
  26. Misumi K, Sakamoto H, Shimizu R. Changes in skeletal muscle composition in response to swimming training for young horses.. J Vet Med Sci 1995 Oct;57(5):959-61.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.57.959pubmed: 8593313google scholar: lookup
  27. McCarthy RN, Jeffcott LB. Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses.. Res Vet Sci 1992 Jan;52(1):28-37.
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(92)90054-6pubmed: 1553435google scholar: lookup
  28. Murakami M, Imahara T, Inui T, Amada A, Senta T, Takagi S, Kubo K, Sugimoto O, Watanabe H, Ikeda S. Swimming exercises in horses.. Exp. Rep. Equine Health Lab. 1976;1976:27–49.
  29. Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, French NP, Firth EC. Associations between yearling exercise and interruptions during race training in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Oct;73(10):1610-6.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1610pubmed: 23013188google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Schrurs C, Dubois G, Van Erck-Westergren E, Gardner DS. Does sex of the jockey influence racehorse physiology and performance. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0273310.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273310pubmed: 36044425google scholar: lookup
  2. Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Robison CI, Hallock DB, Manfredi JM, Hiney KM, Buskirk DD, Popovich JM Jr. Impact of Gait and Diameter during Circular Exercise on Front Hoof Area, Vertical Force, and Pressure in Mature Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 17;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123581pubmed: 34944357google scholar: lookup
  3. Crawford KL, Finnane A, Greer RM, Barnes TS, Phillips CJC, Woldeyohannes SM, Bishop EL, Perkins NR, Ahern BJ. Survival Analysis of Training Methodologies and Other Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injury in 2-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:698298.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.698298pubmed: 34796223google scholar: lookup
  4. Crawford KL, Finnane A, Greer RM, Phillips CJC, Bishop EL, Woldeyohannes SM, Perkins NR, Ahern BJ. A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes. Animals (Basel) 2021 Mar 25;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11040928pubmed: 33805873google scholar: lookup
  5. Crawford KL, Ahern BJ, Perkins NR, Phillips CJC, Finnane A. The Effect of Combined Training and Racing High-Speed Exercise History on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 11;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10112091pubmed: 33187122google scholar: lookup
  6. Tranquille C, Nankervis K, Tacey J, Hopkins E, Deckers I, Walker V, MacKechnie-Guire R, Newton R, Murray R. Does Muscle Development of Sport Horses Using Water Treadmill Exercise as Part of a Long-Term Training Programme Differ from That of Horses Not Using Water Treadmill Exercise?. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 19;15(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15162426pubmed: 40867754google scholar: lookup
  7. Harbowy RM, Nielsen BD, Colbath AC, Robison CI, Buskirk DD, Logan AA. Effects of Exercise Speed and Circle Diameter on Markers of Bone and Joint Health in Juvenile Sheep as an Equine Model. Animals (Basel) 2025 Feb 2;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15030414pubmed: 39943183google scholar: lookup