Treatment with Ca(OH)2 for inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterococcus faecalis in soil contaminated with infected horse manure.
Abstract: To investigate the inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and the faecal indicator Enterococcus faecalis in horse manure:soil mixtures by application of hydrated lime (Ca(OH)(2)). Results: In laboratory incubations, the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of Ca(OH)(2), as well as different application techniques, was tested. Other variables were horse manure:soil ratio, incubation temperature (6 and 14°C) and soil type (sand/clay). Bacterial enumeration by the plate count method in samples taken at increasing intervals revealed that Ca(OH)(2) effectively reduced Salmonella Typhimurium numbers. However, to achieve a sufficient reduction, the Ca(OH)(2) had to be applied at a sufficient rate, and the amount required varied because of manure:soil ratio and incubation temperature. The results showed that a pH above 11 was needed and that a high pH had to be maintained for up to 7 days. An appropriate application technique for the Ca(OH)(2) was also important, so that a high pH was obtained throughout the whole material to be treated. In addition, a high manure:soil ratio in combination with a higher incubation temperature was found to rapidly neutralize the pH and to increase the risk of Salmonella re-growth. Conclusions: Application of Ca(OH)(2) can be an efficient method for treating a Salmonella-contaminated horse paddock. A high pH is a key factor in Salmonella inactivation, and thus, monitoring the pH during the treatment period is necessary. To avoid re-growth excess manure should be removed for separate treatment elsewhere. Conclusions: Persistence of Salmonella in horse paddocks poses a risk of disease transmission to healthy animals and people who come into contact with these animals. An efficient method to de-contaminate a Salmonella-contaminated soil would be a valuable tool for animal welfare and for public health.
Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology. No claim to Swedish Government works.
Publication Date: 2011-04-20 PubMed ID: 21435122DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05006.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research provides insights into how hydrated lime (Ca(OH)(2)) can be used to effectively reduce the populations of Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterococcus faecalis in soil contaminated with infected horse manure. The application techniques, amount of lime, and achieving and maintaining a high soil pH were identified as key factors for successful bacterial reduction.
Experimental Design
- The study was undertaken using laboratory incubation trials. The variables taken into account were the amount of hydrated lime applied, manure-to-soil ratio, incubation temperature, and soil type.
- Hydrated lime’s inhibitory effect on Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated at different concentrations.
- The study used bacterial enumeration by the plate count method to identify the number of bacteria in samples taken over increasing time intervals.
Findings
- The research found that hydrated lime application could effectively lower the population numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium present in the soil.
- However, the rate of lime application had to be sufficient and varied according to the soil-to-manure ratio and the temperature of the incubation.
- It was found that a pH above 11 needed to be reached and maintained for up to 7 days for a substantial reduction in bacterial numbers.
- The application technique of the lime was equally significant, ensuring a high pH was achieved throughout the whole material treated.
- A high manure-to-soil ratio along with a higher incubation temperature was found to neutralize the pH faster, increasing the risk of Salmonella regrowth.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that applying hydrated lime can efficiently treat Salmonella-contaminated horse pastures.
- Monitoring soil pH during the treatment periods was deemed critical to prevent Salmonella re-growth.
- It was suggested to remove excess manure separately to prevent risks of recontamination.
- The research highlighted the importance of an efficient decontamination method for reducing disease transmission risk in horse paddocks to secure animal welfare and public health.
Cite This Article
APA
Nyberg KA, Vinnerås B, Lewerin SS, Kjellberg E, Albihn A.
(2011).
Treatment with Ca(OH)2 for inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterococcus faecalis in soil contaminated with infected horse manure.
J Appl Microbiol, 110(6), 1515-1523.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05006.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. Karin.Nyberg@sva.se
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Calcium Hydroxide / pharmacology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Enterococcus faecalis / drug effects
- Enterococcus faecalis / isolation & purification
- Horses / microbiology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Manure / microbiology
- Microbial Viability
- Salmonella Infections, Animal / prevention & control
- Salmonella typhimurium / drug effects
- Salmonella typhimurium / isolation & purification
- Soil / chemistry
- Soil Microbiology
- Temperature
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Bottari B, Cummins E, Ylivainio K, Muñoz Guajardo I, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers. EFSA J 2021 Dec;19(12):e06932.
- Matsuzaki S, Azuma K, Lin X, Kuragano M, Uwai K, Yamanaka S, Tokuraku K. Farm use of calcium hydroxide as an effective barrier against pathogens. Sci Rep 2021 Apr 12;11(1):7941.
- Alam MS, Takahashi S, Ito M, Komura M, Kabir MH, Shoham D, Sakai K, Suzuki M, Takehara K. Bactericidal efficacies of food additive grade calcium hydroxide toward Legionella pneumophila. J Vet Med Sci 2019 Sep 18;81(9):1318-1325.
- Yamada T, Osako T, Iida A, Yumoto T, Tsukahara K, Watanabe A, Naito H, Nakao A. Increase in the incidence of dermatitis after flood disaster in Kurashiki area possibly due to calcium hydroxide. Acute Med Surg 2019 Apr;6(2):208-209.
- Alam MS, Takahashi S, Ito M, Komura M, Suzuki M, Sangsriratanakul N, Shoham D, Takehara K. Bactericidal efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound with food additive grade calcium hydroxide toward Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli on abiotic carriers. J Vet Med Sci 2018 Oct 10;80(10):1482-1489.
- Chiba K, Miyazaki T, Sekiyama Y, Miyazaki M, Okada K. The therapeutic efficacy of allyl isothiocyanate in cows with bovine digital dermatitis. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Jul 7;79(7):1191-1195.
- Hakim H, Toyofuku C, Ota M, Suzuki M, Komura M, Yamada M, Alam MS, Sangsriratanakul N, Shoham D, Takehara K. Durability of alkaline agents' bactericidal efficacies in litter under field conditions. J Vet Med Sci 2017 May 3;79(5):815-817.
- Hakim H, Toyofuku C, Ota M, Suzuki M, Komura M, Yamada M, Alam MS, Sangsriratanakul N, Shoham D, Takehara K. Accuracy of the evaluation method for alkaline agents' bactericidal efficacies in solid, and the required time of bacterial inactivation. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Feb 4;79(2):244-247.
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