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Home / Equine Research Bank / Biomed Res Int / Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on o...
BioMed research international2013; 2013; 194176; doi: 10.1155/2013/194176

Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects.

Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants. It found a new large range of wild and domestic hosts in Latin America, including reservoirs (capybaras) and biological vectors (vampire bats). Surra is a major disease in camels, equines, and dogs, in which it can often be fatal in the absence of treatment, and exhibits nonspecific clinical signs (anaemia, loss of weight, abortion, and death), which are variable from one host and one place to another; however, its immunosuppressive effects interfering with intercurrent diseases or vaccination campaigns might be its most significant and questionable aspect.
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Publication Date: 2013-08-19 PubMed ID: 24024184PubMed Central: PMC3760267DOI: 10.1155/2013/194176Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents a comprehensive review and advocates for future investigations regarding Trypanosoma evansi and surra, a disease mainly characterized by symptoms such as anaemia, weight loss, potential abortions, and eventual death in varied host species, strategically exploring their origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, and debilitating impact on diverse hosts.

Origin and History

  • The root of Trypanosoma evansi, the causative organism of surra, has been traced back to Africa.
  • It is postulated to have evolved from Trypanosoma brucei after a genetic disruption that eliminated the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA, which is crucial for the organism’s cyclical development in tsetse flies.
  • Initially, the disease affected camels in the sub-Saharan territory, primarily via transmission through tabanids and stomoxes, which are types of biting flies.

Distribution

  • Progressively, the disease expanded from North Africa, reaching regions in the Middle East. It infiltrated territories in Turkey, India, and parts of Russia located as far as 53° North.
  • The afflicted zone included all of South-East Asia, extending up to Indonesia and the Philippines.
  • Interestingly, surra was also introduced to Latin America by the conquistadores, European explorers.

Hosts

  • The disease has a wide host range, including but not limited to camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants.
  • In Latin America, it found an expanded range of hosts, both wild and domestic, including reservoirs like capybaras and biological vectors such as vampire bats.

Pathogenic Effects

  • Surra is a grave disease in camels, equines, and dogs, often leading to fatalities if untreated.
  • The clinical signs, including anaemia, weight loss, abortion, and death, are nonspecific and can vary from one host or one location to another.
  • However, the disease’s most significant and troubling aspect may lie in its immunosuppressive effects, which interfere with other concurrent diseases or vaccination efforts. The full extent and implications of these effects require further investigation.

Cite This Article

APA
Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. (2013). Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 194176. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/194176

Publication

BioMed research international
ISSN: 2314-6141
NlmUniqueID: 101600173
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2013
Pages: 194176
PII: 194176

Researcher Affiliations

Desquesnes, Marc
  • Cirad-Bios, UMR-InterTryp, Montpellier 34000, France ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
Holzmuller, Philippe
    Lai, De-Hua
      Dargantes, Alan
        Lun, Zhao-Rong
          Jittaplapong, Sathaporn

            MeSH Terms

            • Africa South of the Sahara
            • Animals
            • Buffaloes / immunology
            • Buffaloes / parasitology
            • Cattle
            • Dogs
            • Goats / immunology
            • Goats / parasitology
            • Horses / immunology
            • Horses / parasitology
            • Host-Pathogen Interactions / genetics
            • Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology
            • Humans
            • Sheep / immunology
            • Sheep / parasitology
            • Species Specificity
            • Swine / immunology
            • Swine / parasitology
            • Trypanosoma / genetics
            • Trypanosoma / immunology
            • Trypanosoma / pathogenicity
            • Trypanosomiasis / genetics
            • Trypanosomiasis / immunology
            • Trypanosomiasis / pathology
            • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary

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