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Parasites & vectors2020; 13(1); 323; doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04192-1

Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad.

Abstract: Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential role of these domestic animals as reservoirs of the human-infective Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in Chad. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test were used to search for trypanosome infections. DNA was extracted from each blood sample and different trypanosome species and subspecies were identified with molecular tools. Results: From 286 blood samples collected, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) were positive for RDT and CTC, respectively. PCR revealed 101 (35.3%) animals with trypanosome infections. The Cohen's kappa coefficient used to evaluate the concordance between the diagnostic methods were low; ranging from 0.09 ± 0.05 to 0.48 ± 0.07. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were the most prevalent (29.4%), followed by T. congolense forest (11.5%), Trypanosoma congolense savannah (4.9%) and Trypanosoma vivax (4.5%). Two donkeys and one horse from the Maro HAT focus were found with T. b. gambiense infections. No significant differences were observed in the infection rates of different trypanosomes between animal species and HAT foci. Conclusions: This study revealed several trypanosome species and subspecies in donkeys and horses, highlighting the existence of AAT in HAT foci in Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in donkeys and horses suggests considering these animals as potential reservoir for HAT in Chad. The presence of both human-infective and human non-infective trypanosomes species highlights the need for developing joint control strategies for HAT and AAT.
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Publication Date: 2020-06-23 PubMed ID: 32576240PubMed Central: PMC7310289DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04192-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper centered on the study of Trypanosome infections in horses and donkeys in Chad, Africa, aiming to recognize their potential role as reservoirs for a type of Trypanosome (T. brucei gambiense) that affects humans. The study collected and analyzed blood samples from the animals using several diagnostic methods, revealing multiple species of Trypanosomes present and indicating the need for a joint control strategy against these diseases in the region.

Understanding the Research

  • The main subject of the study was Trypanosome infections in equines. Trypanosomes are microscopic parasites transmitted by tsetse flies, causing an infectious disease known as Trypanosomiasis.
  • The research was conducted in Chad, a country in Africa where Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is prevalent.
  • The study focused on horses and donkeys as these animals, often neglected by the scientific community despite their economic significance, are potential reservoirs for the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, an infectious species of Trypanosome that targets humans.

Methodology of the Research

  • Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in the three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in Chad.
  • The samples were tested for trypanosome infections through a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC).
  • DNA extractions from the blood samples were also conducted. This enabled the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies through the use of molecular tools.

Results of the Research

  • Out of the 286 samples, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) turned out positive for RDT and CTC, respectively.
  • Using PCR, 101 (35.3%) samples revealed trypanosome infections. However, there was a low concordance between the different diagnostic methods used as per the Cohen’s kappa coefficient used for evaluation.
  • The detection of different trypanosome species and subspecies was notably the most prevalent of the subgenus Trypanozoon, followed by T. congolense forest, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, and Trypanosoma vivax.
  • Three animals, two donkeys and one horse, were found with T. b. gambiense infections. The detection of this infective species indicates a potential pathway for human infection.

Significance and Conclusions

  • This research demonstrates the presence of multiple species of Trypanosomes in horses and donkeys within the HAT foci in Chad, indicating the existence of the animal form of the disease (AAT).
  • The discovery of T. b. gambiense in these animals suggests them as potential reservoirs for HAT.
  • The presence of both human-infective and non-infective species of Trypanosomes points out the need for a joint control strategy against the vector diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Vourchakbé J, Tiofack AAZ, Mbida M, Simo G. (2020). Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad. Parasit Vectors, 13(1), 323. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04192-1

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 323
PII: 323

Researcher Affiliations

Vourchakbé, Joël
  • Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
  • Department of Chemistry-Biology-Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Doba, PO Box 03, Doba, Chad.
Tiofack, Arnol Auvaker Z
  • Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
Mbida, Mpoame
  • Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon.
Simo, Gustave
  • Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. gsimoca@yahoo.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Domestic
  • Antibodies, Protozoan / blood
  • Chad / epidemiology
  • Disease Reservoirs / parasitology
  • Equidae / parasitology
  • Genome, Protozoan / genetics
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Trypanosoma / classification
  • Trypanosoma / genetics
  • Trypanosoma / immunology
  • Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
  • Trypanosomiasis, African / diagnosis
  • Trypanosomiasis, African / epidemiology
  • Trypanosomiasis, African / transmission
  • Trypanosomiasis, African / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

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