Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in healthy standardbred trotters.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to establish normal echocardiographic values of healthy Standardbred trotters not published previously. Twenty-three clinically normal horses weighing between 350 and 490 kg were examined in the same manner: first a thorough physical and then detailed echocardiographic examination were performed. Standardised two-dimensional (2D) and guided M-mode echocardiographic imaging techniques were used to measure interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular wall thickness (LVW), left atrial internal diameter (LAID) in end-systole (s) and end-diastole (d) and aortic diameter (AOD) in end-diastole. Mean, range and standard deviation of the different parameters were calculated. The mean values (in centimetres) were as follow (2D/M-mode): IVSs: 4.6/4.7; IVSd: 3.1/3.0; LVIDs: 7.0/7.0; LVIDd: 10.7/10.7; LVWs: 3.9/3.9; LVWd: 2.7/2.7; LAIDs: 10.4/-; LAIDd: 11.3/-; AODd: 7.2/-. Results of two-dimensional and M-mode measurements were compared to each other and to normal values obtained from other breeds.
Publication Date: 2002-09-20 PubMed ID: 12237968DOI: 10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.3Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research aimed to establish the typical echocardiographic measurements for healthy Standardbred trotters, a variety of horse breed. The measures included the thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS), the diameter of the left ventricle (LVID), the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle (LVW), the internal diameter of the left atrium (LAID) in both end-systole and end-diastole, and the diameter of the aorta (AOD) in end-diastole. The averages from 23 horses were compared using M-mode and two-dimensional measurements.
Research Methodology
- The study was carried out on 23 clinically healthy Standardbred trotters, weighing between 350 and 490 kg.
- Each horse first underwent a thorough physical examination followed by a detailed echocardiographic examination.
- The echocardiographic examinations used both two-dimensional (2D) and guided-M-mode imaging techniques to gather measurements.
- Parameters measured include interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular wall thickness (LVW), left atrial internal diameter (LAID) during end-systole (s) and end-diastole (d) phases, and aortic diameter (AOD) in end-diastole.
Results and Data Analysis
- The mean, range, and standard deviation of these parameters were calculated and the results presented in centimetres.
- The obtained measurements were compared using both two-dimensional and M-mode techniques.
- The values were: IVSs: 4.6/4.7; IVSd: 3.1/3.0; LVIDs: 7.0/7.0; LVIDd: 10.7/10.7; LVWs: 3.9/3.9; LVWd: 2.7/2.7; LAIDs: 10.4/-; LAIDd: 11.3/-; AODd: 7.2/.
Conclusion and Comparison to Other Breeds
- The results of the two-dimensional and M-mode measurements were compared not only to each other but also to normal values obtained from studies of other horse breeds.
This vital research establishes a point of reference for veterinary practitioners and researchers when evaluating the cardiac health of Standardbred trotters, particularly when using 2D and M-mode echocardiographic measurements.
Cite This Article
APA
Bakos Z, Vörös K, Järvinen T, Reiczigel J.
(2002).
Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in healthy standardbred trotters.
Acta Vet Hung, 50(3), 273-282.
https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.3 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary. zbakos@univet.hu
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Breeding
- Echocardiography / veterinary
- Female
- Heart / anatomy & histology
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Male
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Reference Values
Citations
This article has been cited 5 times.- White R, Nath L, Hebart M, Franklin S. Assessment of P Wave Indices in Healthy Standardbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 16;13(6).
- Marzok M, Kandeel M, Babiker H, Alkhodair KM, Farag A, Ibrahim H, El-Ashker M, Alghuwainem Y, El-Khodery S. M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements of Interventricular Septum, Left Ventricular Internal Diameter, and Left Ventricular Free-Wall Thickness in Normal Horses-A Meta-Analytical Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 23;13(5).
- Vernemmen I, Vera L, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Decloedt A. Reference values for 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in Friesian and Warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Nov;34(6):2701-2709.
- Matos JI, Pitti L, Parra-Quijano M, Arencibia A, Ramírez G, Díaz-Bertrana ML. Integrative anatomical and two-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of the heart in Shetland ponies. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1721000.
- Bozzola C, Guffanti I, Ortolina A, Bronzo V, Zucca E. Influence of age, sex, bodyweight, and training on echocardiographic measurements in healthy mixed-breed donkeys. Vet Res Commun 2024 Oct;48(5):3339-3347.
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