Ultrasonography of the equine shoulder: technique and normal appearance.
Abstract: This study was intended to document normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine shoulder and anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging. Both forelimbs of five equine cadavers and both forelimbs of six live adult horses were used. To facilitate understanding of the images, a zoning system assigned to the biceps brachii and to the infraspinatus tendon was developed. Ultrasonography was performed with a real-time B-mode semiportable sector scanner using 7.5- and 5-MHz transducers. On one cadaver limb, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a system at 1.5 Tesla, T1-weighted spin-echo sequence. Ultrasonography images were compared to frozen specimens and MRI images to correlate the ultrasonographic findings to the gross anatomy of the shoulder. Ultrasonography allowed easy evaluation of the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon and their bursae, the supraspinatus muscle and tendons, the superficial muscles of the shoulder, and the underlying humerus and scapula. Only the lateral and, partially, the caudal aspects of the humeral head could be visualized with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic appearance, orientation, and anatomic relationships of these structures are described. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with MRI images and with gross anatomy in the cadavers' limbs.
Publication Date: 1999-02-19 PubMed ID: 10023995DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01838.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Adult Horses
- Anatomy
- Cadaver Study
- Clinical Findings
- Clinical Study
- Comparative Study
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Diagnostic Technique
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Equine Science
- Horses
- Imaging Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Musculoskeletal System
- Radiology
- Ultrasound
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Procedure
- Veterinary Research
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article pertains to the use of ultrasonography to map the normal structure of a horse’s shoulder, with the help of a zoning system developed for the study. Ultrasonography images were also compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and physical specimens to support the findings.
Objective of the Study
- The study aims to record the normal ultrasonographic appearances of a horse’s shoulder. Alongside, it also endeavored to identify specific anatomical landmarks that could become instrumental in clinical imaging.
Methodology
- In this study, both forelimbs of five horse cadavers and six live adult horses were used.
- A zoning system was developed and assigned to the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon to enrich the understanding of the obtained images.
- Ultrasonography was executed employing a real-time B-mode semiportable sector scanner along with 7.5- and 5-MHz transducers.
- A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted on one of the cadaver limbs using a 1.5 Tesla, T1-weighted spin-echo sequence.
- The ultrasonography images acquired thereafter were compared with the MRI images, as well as with the gross anatomy of the frozen specimens to ensure accurate correlation of ultrasonographic findings with physical structures.
Results of the Study
- The procedure allowed for an effortless evaluation of the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon along with their bursae, the supraspinatus muscles and tendons, superficial shoulder muscles, and the underlying humerus and scapula.
- The ultrasonographic procedure could only visualize the lateral and, to some extent, the caudal aspects of the humeral head.
- The study successfully describes the ultrasonographic appearance, orientation, and the anatomical relationships of these structures.
- The ultrasonographic findings were in close agreement with both the MRI images and the gross anatomy of the specimens, therefore validating the study methodology and findings.
Cite This Article
APA
Tnibar MA, Auer JA, Bakkali S.
(1999).
Ultrasonography of the equine shoulder: technique and normal appearance.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 40(1), 44-57.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01838.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Département de Pathologie Médicale & Chirurgicale des Equidés et Carnivores, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging / veterinary
- Shoulder / anatomy & histology
- Tendons / anatomy & histology
- Ultrasonography / methods
- Ultrasonography / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Farag AMM, El-Khodery S, Al Mohamad Z, Abass M. A Descriptive Study of the Carpal Joint of Healthy Donkeys Using Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Sci 2022 May 23;9(5).
- Hoey S, O'Sullivan J, Byrne J, Devine S, Toomey W, McAllister H, Skelly C. Ultrasound screening protocol for osteochondrosis at selected predilection sites in thoroughbred yearlings. Ir Vet J 2022 Apr 27;75(1):8.
- Encinoso M, Orós J, Ramírez G, Jaber JR, Artiles A, Arencibia A. Anatomic Study of the Elbow Joint in a Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gross Dissections. Animals (Basel) 2019 Dec 1;9(12).
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