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Animal microbiome2023; 5(1); 3; doi: 10.1186/s42523-022-00224-6

Understanding the microbial fibre degrading communities & processes in the equine gut.

Abstract: The equine gastrointestinal tract is a self-sufficient fermentation system, housing a complex microbial consortium that acts synergistically and independently to break down complex lignocellulolytic material that enters the equine gut. Despite being strict herbivores, equids such as horses and zebras lack the diversity of enzymes needed to completely break down plant tissue, instead relying on their resident microbes to carry out fibrolysis to yield vital energy sources such as short chain fatty acids. The bulk of equine digestion occurs in the large intestine, where digesta is fermented for 36-48 h through the synergistic activities of bacteria, fungi, and methanogenic archaea. Anaerobic gut dwelling bacteria and fungi break down complex plant polysaccharides through combined mechanical and enzymatic strategies, and notably possess some of the greatest diversity and repertoire of carbohydrate active enzymes among characterized microbes. In addition to the production of enzymes, some equid-isolated anaerobic fungi and bacteria have been shown to possess cellulosomes, powerful multi-enzyme complexes that further enhance break down. The activities of both anaerobic fungi and bacteria are further facilitated by facultatively aerobic yeasts and methanogenic archaea, who maintain an optimal environment for fibrolytic organisms, ultimately leading to increased fibrolytic microbial counts and heightened enzymatic activity. The unique interactions within the equine gut as well as the novel species and powerful mechanisms employed by these microbes makes the equine gut a valuable ecosystem to study fibrolytic functions within complex communities. This review outlines the primary taxa involved in fibre break down within the equine gut and further illuminates the enzymatic strategies and metabolic pathways used by these microbes. We discuss current methods used in analysing fibrolytic functions in complex microbial communities and propose a shift towards the development of functional assays to deepen our understanding of this unique ecosystem.
© 2023. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2023-01-12 PubMed ID: 36635784PubMed Central: PMC9837927DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00224-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the complex microbial system within the gastrointestinal tract of horses and similar animals, which allows them to digest plant materials despite their own limited digestive enzymes. They house microorganisms in their gut that synergistically break down these hard-to-digest materials, providing vital energy sources for the equid.

Microbial Community in the Equine Gut

  • The equine gut, or the digestive system in horses and similar animals, is home to a complex microbial community that plays a vital role in breaking down complex plant materials that the equids cannot do on their own.
  • These animals are herbivores, consuming only plant materials, but their systems lack the diverse enzymes necessary to fully break down these materials. Their gut microorganisms, however, can break down these materials in a process called fibrolysis to produce vital energy sources for the host animal.
  • This fibrolytic process involves multiple microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, which interact to break down the plant materials. This happens primarily in the large intestine, where digestion occurs over 36 to 48 hours.

Equine Gut Microbe Functions

  • These gut dwelling microorganisms break down the plant polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) through both mechanical and enzymatic strategies.
  • Some of these anaerobic bacteria and fungi possess what are known as cellulosomes, or multi-enzyme complexes, which enhance their ability to break down plant materials. Their activities are also facilitated by yeasts and methanogenic archaea, organisms that help maintain an optimal environment for these fibrolytic microbes, increasing their numbers and their enzymatic activity.

Significance of the Equine Gut Ecosystem

  • The researchers emphasize that the unique interactions in the equine gut among the microbial species, and the mechanisms they employ, make this ecosystem valuable for studying fibrolytic processes within complex microbial communities.
  • This rich ecosystem holds many opportunities for discovery of unique species and metabolic pathways which could potentially be harnessed for human advantage.

Research Approaches and Proposals

  • In addition to providing an overview of the current understanding of the equine gut ecosystem, the researchers discuss the methodologies currently used to analyze these processes.
  • They propose developing functional assays, or tests to measure the activities of these organisms and enzymes, to deepen our understanding of this complex ecosystem and the fibrolytic process.
  • These innovative approaches could aid in advancing our understanding of gut microbiomes not only in horses but potentially in other herbivores as well and how they might be applied beneficially elsewhere.

Cite This Article

APA
Wunderlich G, Bull M, Ross T, Rose M, Chapman B. (2023). Understanding the microbial fibre degrading communities & processes in the equine gut. Anim Microbiome, 5(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-022-00224-6

Publication

Animal microbiome
ISSN: 2524-4671
NlmUniqueID: 101759457
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 3
PII: 3

Researcher Affiliations

Wunderlich, Georgia
  • Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. georgia.wunderlich@quantalbioscience.com.
  • Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia. georgia.wunderlich@quantalbioscience.com.
Bull, Michelle
  • Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
  • Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia.
Ross, Tom
  • Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
Rose, Michael
  • Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
Chapman, Belinda
  • Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
  • Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

BC, MB and GW declare their involvement in the brand equiGI, a commercial microbiome testing service provided by Quantal Bioscience. TR and MR declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.

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