Use of a blocking ELISA for antibodies to equine influenza virus as a test to distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated horses: proof of concept studies.
Abstract: An important consideration in the selection of a vaccine during the Australian equine influenza (EI) outbreak in 2007 was the ability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) targeted for the nucleoprotein of influenza A viruses was developed to differentiate between naturally infected horses and horses vaccinated with the ProteqFlu® vaccine, which only induces a response to viral haemagglutinin. This bELISA assay met the DIVA requirements and was used extensively during the EI control and eradication programs and 'proof of freedom' testing.
© 2011 The Authors. Australian Veterinary Journal © 2011 Australian Veterinary Association.
Publication Date: 2011-07-08 PubMed ID: 21711288DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00743.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Antibodies
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Technique
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Management
- Disease Outbreaks
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Epidemiology
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Horses
- Immunology
- Infectious Disease
- Influenza
- Vaccination
- Vaccine development
- Veterinary Medicine
- Veterinary Research
- Virology
- Virus
Summary
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The research investigates the use of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) as a tool to distinguish between horses infected with equine influenza and the ones vaccinated against it.
Background
- The primary aim of this study was to devise a mechanism to differentiate between horses naturally infected with equine influenza and those that were vaccinated, particularly during the equine influenza (EI) outbreak in Australia in 2007.
- Establishing such a distinction is critical in selecting suitable vaccines and developing strategic control and eradication programs.
Methodology
- The researchers developed a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA), targeting the nucleoprotein of influenza A viruses.
- This assay was designed to distinguish horses that were naturally infected from those that were vaccinated with the ProteqFlu® vaccine.
- The ProteqFlu® vaccine only results in a response to viral haemagglutinin and does not reproduce the same antibody profile as a natural infection, enabling differentiation.
Findings
- The bELISA assay created from this study successfully met the DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) requirements, showing that it could effectively separate naturally infected and vaccinated horses.
- It was also confirmed that this assay could be extensively utilized during EI control, eradication programs, and ‘proof of freedom’ testing, further demonstrating the practical application of these findings.
Implications
- The success of the bELISA assay indicates that similar methodologies may be developed for other infectious diseases where it is important to differentiate infected from vaccinated individuals.
- This study contributes significantly to veterinary medicine and epidemiological studies, specifically in formulating more effective control measures during infectious disease outbreaks in animal populations.
Cite This Article
APA
Kirkland PD, Delbridge G.
(2011).
Use of a blocking ELISA for antibodies to equine influenza virus as a test to distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated horses: proof of concept studies.
Aust Vet J, 89 Suppl 1, 45-46.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00743.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia. peter.kirkland@industry.nsw.gov.au
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Australia
- Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
- Nucleoproteins / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Viral Vaccines / administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 6 times.- El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Paillot R, Rash NL, Garrett D, Prowse-Davis L, Montesso F, Cullinane A, Lemaitre L, Thibault JC, Wittreck S, Dancer A. How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza (EI) Vaccine Composition: A Review of the Process Required for the Recombinant Canarypox-Based EI Vaccine. Pathogens 2016 Nov 25;5(4).
- Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary. Pathogens 2016 Jun 10;5(2).
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Galvin P, Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Dec;7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):73-80.
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