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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(7); 2101; doi: 10.3390/ani11072101

Use of Remote Camera Traps to Evaluate Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Individual Free-Roaming Wild Horses.

Abstract: We previously developed a Ten-Stage Protocol for scientifically assessing the welfare of individual free-roaming wild animals using the Five Domains Model. The protocol includes developing methods for measuring or observing welfare indices. In this study, we assessed the use of remote camera traps to evaluate an extensive range of welfare indicators in individual free-roaming wild horses. Still images and videos were collected and analysed to assess whether horses could be detected and identified individually, which welfare indicators could be reliably evaluated, and whether behaviour could be quantitatively assessed. Remote camera trapping was successful in detecting and identifying horses (75% on still images and 72% on video observation events), across a range of habitats including woodlands where horses could not be directly observed. Twelve indicators of welfare across the Five Domains were assessed with equal frequency on both still images and video, with those most frequently assessable being body condition score (73% and 79% of observation events, respectively), body posture (76% for both), coat condition (42% and 52%, respectively), and whether or not the horse was sweating excessively (42% and 45%, respectively). An additional five indicators could only be assessed on video; those most frequently observable being presence or absence of weakness (66%), qualitative behavioural assessment (60%), presence or absence of shivering (51%), and gait at walk (50%). Specific behaviours were identified in 93% of still images and 84% of video events, and proportions of time different behaviours were captured could be calculated. Most social behaviours were rarely observed, but close spatial proximity to other horses, as an indicator of social bonds, was recorded in 36% of still images, and 29% of video observation events. This is the first study that describes detailed methodology for these purposes. The results of this study can also form the basis of application to other species, which could contribute significantly to advancing the field of wild animal welfare.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-15 PubMed ID: 34359229PubMed Central: PMC8300222DOI: 10.3390/ani11072101Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the use of remote camera trapping for assessing the welfare of free-roaming wild horses using a combination of still images and videos. The study successfully detects and identifies horses and evaluates a range of welfare indicators.

Objective of the Research

  • The goal of this research was to assess the utility of remote camera traps in evaluating a comprehensive spectrum of welfare indicators in free-roaming wild horses.
  • The researchers used a Ten-Stage Protocol they previously developed, based on the Five Domains Model, to carry out a systematic evaluation of the animals’ welfare.

Research Methodology

  • The research was conducted by capturing and analyzing still images and videos of the wild horses.
  • The aim was to ascertain if the horses could be detected and identified individually.
  • Part of the study was also to determine which welfare indicators could be reliably measured.
  • The researchers also set out to establish if behaviour can be quantitatively evaluated.

Research Findings

  • The study found that remote camera trapping was effective for detecting and identifying horses, with success rates of 75% on still images and 72% on video observation events.
  • A total of twelve indicators of welfare across the Five Domains were assessed with equal frequency on both still images and video.
  • The most frequently assessable indicators included body condition score, body posture, coat condition, and whether the horse was sweating excessively.
  • An additional five indicators could only be assessed on video; these were the presence or absence of weakness, qualitative behavioural assessment, presence or absence of shivering, and gait at walk.
  • The study also identified specific behaviours in 93% of still images and 84% of video events, allowing researchers to calculate the proportions of time different behaviours were captured.
  • Social behaviours were mostly unobserved, but close spatial proximity to other horses, an indicator of social bonds, was recorded in a significant percentage of still images and video observation events.

Conclusions and Future Applications

  • This research contributes toward a detailed methodology for assessing the welfare of free-roaming wild horses using remote camera trapping.
  • The outcomes can serve as the groundwork for applications to evaluate the welfare of other species, thereby significantly advancing the field of wild animal welfare.

Cite This Article

APA
Harvey AM, Morton JM, Mellor DJ, Russell V, Chapple RS, Ramp D. (2021). Use of Remote Camera Traps to Evaluate Animal-Based Welfare Indicators in Individual Free-Roaming Wild Horses. Animals (Basel), 11(7), 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072101

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
PII: 2101

Researcher Affiliations

Harvey, Andrea M
  • Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
Morton, John M
  • Jemora Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 2277, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
Mellor, David J
  • Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
Russell, Vibeke
  • Veterinary Contractor, c/o Animal Emergency Australia, P.O. Box 1854, Springwood, QLD 4217, Australia.
Chapple, Rosalie S
  • Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute, 16 Dunmore Lane, Katoomba, NSW 2780, Australia.
Ramp, Daniel
  • Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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