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Validation of an equine inertial measurement unit system in clinically normal horses during walking and trotting.
Abstract: To validate an equine inertial measurement unit (IMU) system rigidly attached to a hoof against a 3-D optical kinematics system in horses during walking and trotting. Methods: 5 clinically normal horses. Methods: 5 swing phases of the hooves of the right forelimb and hind limb were collected via both 3-D optical and IMU systems from 5 horses during walking and trotting. Linear and angular positions, velocities, and accelerations were compared between the 2 systems. Results: Of the 55 variables compared between the 2 systems, 25 had high correlations (r > 0.8) and 18 had moderate correlations (r > 0.5). Root mean squared errors were lowest in the sagittal plane and orientation (1.1 to 4.4 cm over a range of 1.5 to 1.9 m in the cranial-caudal direction and 2.5° to 3.5° over a range of 88° to 110° rotating around the medial-lateral axis). There were more differences between the 2 systems during small changes in motion, such as in the medial-lateral and proximal-distal directions and in the angular measures around the cranial-caudal and proximal-distal axes. Conclusions: The equine IMU system may be appropriate for rigid attachment to a hoof of a horse and use in examination of linear and angular motion in the sagittal plane of the hoof during the swing phase while walking and trotting. Although promising in many respects, the IMU system cannot currently be considered clinically useful for lameness evaluation because of limitations in accuracy, attachment method, and lack of stance phase evaluation.
Publication Date: 2012-08-02 PubMed ID: 22849676DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1160Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Validation Study
Summary
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This research paper investigates and validates an equine inertial measurement unit system attached to a horse’s hoof and compares it to a 3-D optical kinematics system during walking and trotting.
Methods
The study involved data collection from five clinically normal horses. The research aimed at comparing two different methods of kinematic data collection, namely:
- Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) system: an electronic device rigidly attached to the hoof of the horse, measuring the force, angular rate, and sometimes the magnetic field surrounding the body of the moving horse.
- 3-D Optical Kinematic System: a camera-based measuring approach capturing three-dimensional motion of the horse.
During walking and trotting, five swing phases each of the right forelimb and hind limb of these horses were observed and recorded through both the systems. Variables such as linear and angular positions, velocities, and accelerations were then compared.
Results
The comparison resulted in interesting observations:
- High correlation (r > 0.8) was found in 25 out of the total 55 variables compared across the two systems.
- Moderate correlation (r > 0.5) was found in 18 variables.
- The lowest Root Mean Squared Errors (a measure of the differences between values predicted by a model/the estimator and the values observed) were found in the sagittal plane and orientation.
- More differences were observed between the two systems during small changes in motion.
Conclusion
Following the results, it was concluded that the equine IMU system appears suitable for use in examining linear and angular hoof motion during the swing phase while walking and trotting. However, the study also highlighted its limitations, making it currently unfit as a clinical tool for lameness evaluation. This is due to shortcomings in accuracy, attachment method, and the lack of an evaluation stance phase. Despite these limitations, the IMU system shows promising potential and can be further explored and improved for better and efficient utilization.
Cite This Article
APA
Moorman VJ, Reiser RF, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE.
(2012).
Validation of an equine inertial measurement unit system in clinically normal horses during walking and trotting.
Am J Vet Res, 73(8), 1160-1170.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1160 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Acceleration
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Gait
- Hoof and Claw / physiology
- Horses / physiology
- Monitoring, Physiologic / methods
- Monitoring, Physiologic / veterinary
- Walking
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Hobbs SJ, Serra Braganca FM, Rhodin M, Hernlund E, Peterson M, Clayton HM. Evaluating Overall Performance in High-Level Dressage Horse-Rider Combinations by Comparing Measurements from Inertial Sensors with General Impression Scores Awarded by Judges. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 2;13(15).
- Sapone M, Martin P, Ben Mansour K, Château H, Marin F. Comparison of Trotting Stance Detection Methods from an Inertial Measurement Unit Mounted on the Horse's Limb. Sensors (Basel) 2020 May 25;20(10).
- Bosch S, Serra Bragança F, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, van der Zwaag BJ, Voskamp J, Back W, van Weeren R, Havinga P. EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait. Sensors (Basel) 2018 Mar 13;18(3).
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