Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression.
Abstract: Equine milk is considered to be an interesting product for human nutrition, mainly owing to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins, including lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF). The present study assessed the effect of genetic factors on LYZ and LTF concentration variability in mare's milk. Results: Significant effects of horse breed and lactation stage on milk LYZ and LTF contents were observed. The highest level of LTF and the lowest concentration of LYZ were recorded for the Polish Warmblood Horse breed. The highest amounts of both proteins were found for the earliest investigated time point of lactation (5th week). Altogether 13 (nine novel) polymorphisms were found in the 5'-flanking regions of both genes, but they showed no significant relationship with milk LYZ and LTF contents. Several associations were found between selected SNPs and the LYZ gene relative transcript level. Conclusions: While the present study indicated the existence of intra- and interbreed variability of LYZ and LTF contents in mare's milk, this variation is rather unrelated to the 5'-flanking variants of genes encoding both proteins. This study is a good introduction for broader investigations focused on the genetic background for variability of bioactive protein contents in mare's milk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Publication Date: 2016-10-04 PubMed ID: 27611486DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8026Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article abstract suggests a study on the variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive proteins in equine milk, in relation to gene polymorphisms and expression. The key findings were that the horse breed, lactation stage, and specific gene polymorphisms can significantly affect the concentration of these proteins in horse milk.
Study Focus and Methods
- The focus of the study was equine milk, which is considered beneficial for human nutrition due to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF).
- The researchers set out to examine the effect of genetic factors, specifically polymorphisms in the LYZ and LTF genes, on the concentration variability of these proteins.
- They recorded and compared the levels of both proteins across different horse breeds and stages of lactation.
Key Findings
- The study observed significant variations in milk LYZ and LTF contents based on the breed of the horse and the stage of lactation.
- Among the breeds, the highest levels of LTF and the lowest LYZ were found in the Polish Warmblood Horse breed.
- The researchers recorded the highest protein levels at the earliest point of the lactation stage investigated, the 5th week.
- They established 13 polymorphisms in the 5′-flanking regions of both genes, including nine novel ones. However, these genetic variations showed no significant relationship with the milk’s LYZ and LTF contents.
- Despite this, several connections were found between selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the relative transcript level of the LYZ gene.
Conclusions and Implications
- While the study revealed intra- and interbreed variability in LYZ and LTF contents in horse milk, this variation wasn’t linked to the 5′-flanking variants of the genes encoding both proteins.
- This study acts as a foundational basis for broader investigations into the genetic influences on the variability of bioactive protein contents in horse milk.
Cite This Article
APA
Cieslak J, Wodas L, Borowska A, Sadoch J, Pawlak P, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Mackowski M.
(2016).
Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression.
J Sci Food Agric, 97(7), 2174-2181.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8026 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, PL-60-637, Poznan, Poland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Breeding
- Female
- Genotype
- Horses / genetics
- Horses / metabolism
- Lactation
- Lactoferrin / genetics
- Lactoferrin / physiology
- Milk / chemistry
- Milk / metabolism
- Muramidase / genetics
- Muramidase / metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic
Citations
This article has been cited 9 times.- Cui Q, Lin L, Lai Z, Mao S. Effects of high-grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk, blood, muscle, and adipose tissue, and transcriptional expression of lipid-related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023 Apr 8;14(1):41.
- Fu Z, Akula S, Qiao C, Ryu J, Chahal G, de Garavilla L, Kervinen J, Thorpe M, Hellman L. Duodenases are a small subfamily of ruminant intestinal serine proteases that have undergone a remarkable diversification in cleavage specificity. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0252624.
- Wodas L, Mackowski M, Borowska A, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Cieslak J. Genes encoding equine β-lactoglobulin (LGB1 and LGB2): Polymorphism, expression, and impact on milk composition. PLoS One 2020;15(4):e0232066.
- Miraglia N, Salimei E, Fantuz F. Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 22;10(2).
- Cieslak J, Wodas L, Borowska A, Pawlak P, Czyzak-Runowska G, Wojtowski J, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Mackowski M. 5'-flanking variants of equine casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3) and their relationship with gene expression and milk composition. J Appl Genet 2019 Feb;60(1):71-78.
- Chen X, Gulbahar K, Ding H, Nie C, Gao X. Comparative analysis of proteomics and transcriptomics reveals novel mechanism underlying the antibacterial activity and immune-enhancing properties of horse milk. Front Nutr 2025;12:1512669.
- Ulaangerel T, Wang M, Zhao B, Yi M, Shen Y, Mengkh Y, Wen X, Dugarjav M, Bou G. A Comparative Analysis of the Gene Expression Profiles in the Mammary Glands of Lactating and Nonlactating Mares at the Second Month of Gestation. Animals (Basel) 2024 Aug 9;14(16).
- Mienaltowski MJ, Callahan M, De La Torre U, Maga EA. Comparing microbiotas of foals and their mares' milk in the first two weeks after birth. BMC Vet Res 2024 Jan 8;20(1):17.
- Xue W, Yuan X, Ji Z, Li H, Yao Y. Nutritional ingredients and prevention of chronic diseases by fermented koumiss: a comprehensive review. Front Nutr 2023;10:1270920.
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