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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(2); doi: 10.3390/ani15020241

Vertical Movement of Head, Withers, and Pelvis of High-Level Dressage Horses Trotting in Hand vs. Being Ridden.

Abstract: Prior to international competitions, dressage horses are evaluated for fitness to compete while trotting in hand on a firm surface. This study compares the kinematics of experienced dressage horses trotting under fitness-to-compete conditions vs. performing collected and extended trot when ridden on a sand-fiber arena surface. The hypotheses are that the vertical range of motion (ROM) and left-right asymmetries in minimal and maximal heights of axial body segments at ridden trot exceed those when trotting in hand. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached mid-dorsally to the head, withers, and pelvis of 19 actively competing dressage horses measured the vertical ROM and left-right asymmetries in minimal (MinDiff) and maximal (MaxDiff) heights of the midline sensors. The vertical ROM was greater for both types of ridden trot, reflecting greater impulsion in response to the riders' aids. Head MinDiff/MaxDiff and withers MaxDiff were significantly higher under both ridden conditions. Pelvis MinDiff was significantly the largest for collected trot. Compared with trot in hand, left-right differences in limb protraction were larger for extended and collected trot in the forelimbs but only for extended trot in the hind limbs. The rider's influence increases the horse's impulsion and vertical ROM, which may exacerbate inherent asymmetries in muscular strength when lowering the haunches and elevating the withers.
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Publication Date: 2025-01-16 PubMed ID: 39858241PubMed Central: PMC11758668DOI: 10.3390/ani15020241Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study analyzes the kinetic movements of high-level dressage horses while trotting, comparing between when they are led by a handler and when they are ridden by a rider. It specifically notes differences in the vertical range of motion and left-right asymmetry in different body parts, which are thought to be influenced by the rider.

Research Objectives and Hypotheses

  • The primary objective of this research was to understand the kinetic movements of dressage horses under different conditions – trotting in hand and ridden trot. The main focus is on the vertical range of motion (ROM) and the minimal and maximal heights of axial body segments like the head, withers, and pelvis.
  • The study hypothesized that the vertical range of motion and left-right asymmetries seen during a ridden trot would be greater than those observed during a trot in hand. Essentially, it was expected that the rider’s influence increases the vertical ROM and amplifies existing asymmetries in muscle strength.

Research Methodology

  • The study utilized inertial measurement units (IMUs) which were attached mid-dorsally to the head, withers, and pelvis of the participating horses.
  • A total of 19 actively competing dressage horses were included in the study, and their movements were tracked under both study conditions.
  • The IMU devices allowed the researchers to accurately measure vertical ROM and assess the minimal (MinDiff) and maximal (MaxDiff) heights of the various body segments under study.

Research Findings

  • The results confirmed the research hypotheses. Under ridden conditions (both collected trot and extended trot), horses displayed a greater vertical ROM, indicating more impulsion or driving force in response to the rider’s aids.
  • Head MinDiff/MaxDiff and withers MaxDiff were found to be significantly higher under both ridden conditions. The pelvis MinDiff was significantly largest for a collected trot.
  • When comparing ridden trot with trot in hand, there were larger left-right differences in limb protraction for the extended and collected trot in forelimbs, but only for the extended trot in hind limbs.
  • Overall, it was concluded that the rider’s influence does increase the horse’s impulsion and vertical ROM, potentially exacerbating inherent asymmetries in muscular strength. This is particularly true when the horse is performing movements such as lowering its haunches and elevating its withers to perform a specific gait.

Cite This Article

APA
Clayton HM, Hobbs SJ, Rhodin M, Hernlund E, Peterson M, Bos R, Bragança FS. (2025). Vertical Movement of Head, Withers, and Pelvis of High-Level Dressage Horses Trotting in Hand vs. Being Ridden. Animals (Basel), 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020241

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Clayton, Hilary M
  • Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Hobbs, Sarah Jane
  • Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
Rhodin, Marie
  • Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Hernlund, Elin
  • Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Peterson, Mick
  • Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and UK Ag Equine Programs, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Bos, Rosalie
  • Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, SMDC, Hooge Wijststraat 7, NL-5384 RC Heesch, The Netherlands.
Bragança, Filipe Serra
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Boado A, Pollard D, Lopez-Sanroman FJ, Dyson S. Orthopaedic Injuries in 272 Dressage Horses: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 14;15(20).
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  2. Boado A, Pollard D, Dyson S. A Retrospective Study of the Evolution of Orthopaedic Injuries in 70 Dressage Horses. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 12;15(12).
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