Vesicular Stomatitis Virus.
Abstract: Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by either VS New Jersey virus or VS Indiana virus. The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. During the past 20 years, VS outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred periodically with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials prevents spread from lesioned animals and manages trade impacts. Recent US outbreaks highlight potential climate change impacts on insect vectors or other transmission-related variables.
Published by Elsevier Inc.
Publication Date: 2024-02-23 PubMed ID: 38402042DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.005Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research article discusses Vesicular stomatitis (VS), a livestock disease caused by specific viruses that is endemic to parts of the Americas, with a focus on its periodic outbreaks in the United States. The article also discusses the impacts of possible climate changes on the insect vectors that spread the disease.
About Vesicular Stomatitis
- Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an infection that affects livestock and is caused primarily by two kinds of viruses: vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV).
- It is a vector-borne disease, which means it is transmitted to livestock by insects or other carriers.
The Geographical Spread of the Disease
- VS is endemic—the disease is regularly found among people or in certain areas—in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico.
- The disease causes occasional outbreaks in the United States too, particularly in the southwestern regions and Rocky Mountain areas.
Pattern of Outbreaks in The United States
- Over the past twenty years, the US has witnessed periodic outbreaks of the disease. These outbreaks follow a specific pattern: there’s an incursion year when the disease is introduced into livestock populations, followed by years when the virus overwinters, or survives through the winter season.
- The survival of the virus in new areas leads to its expansion, causing larger outbreaks in subsequent years.
Regulatory Response to Outbreaks
- When outbreaks occur, animal health officials take measures to control the spread of the disease. They do so by quarantining animals that demonstrate signs of infection, like lesions, and by managing the trade of livestock to prevent further transmission.
Climate Change and Disease Transmission
- The research raises concerns about the potential impact of climate change on the transmission of VS.
- Changes in climate could affect insect vectors—that is, insects that transmit the disease—by altering their geographical distribution and population density.
- Changes in other transmission-related variables, such as the survival rate of the virus in different conditions, could also affect the spread of the disease.
Cite This Article
APA
Pelzel-McCluskey AM.
(2024).
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus.
Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 40(2), 251-259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.005 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. Electronic address: Angela.M.Pelzel-McCluskey@usda.gov.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Vesicular Stomatitis / virology
- Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
Conflict of Interest Statement
Disclosure The author has nothing to disclose.
Citations
This article has been cited 3 times.- Minoves M, Ouldali M, Belot L, Roche S, Johari S, Noiray M, Zarkadas E, Schoehn G, Gaudin Y, Albertini AA. Structures of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G alone and bound to a neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog 2025 Oct;21(10):e1013589.
- Wang S, Wang Z, Wang W, Sun H, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang T, Xia X, Yan F. A VSV-based oral rabies vaccine was sentineled by Peyer's patches and induced a timely and durable immune response. Mol Ther 2025 Apr 2;33(4):1701-1719.
- Scroggs SLP, Swanson DA, Steele TD, Hudson AR, Reister-Hendricks LM, Gutierrez J, Shults P, McGregor BL, Taylor CE, Davis TM, Lamberski N, Phair KA, Howard LL, McConnell NE, Gurfield N, Drolet BS, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Cohnstaedt LW. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Detected in Biting Midges and Black Flies during the 2023 Outbreak in Southern California. Viruses 2024 Sep 7;16(9).
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