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Veterinary microbiology2013; 167(1-2); 168-180; doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013

West Nile viral infection of equids.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted between certain species of birds and mosquito vectors. Tangential infections of equids and subsequent equine epizootics have occurred historically. Although the attack rate has been estimated to be below 10%, mortality rates can approach 50% in horses that present clinical disease. Symptoms are most commonly presenting in the form of encephalitis with ataxia as well as limb weakness, recumbency and muscle fasciculation. The most effective strategy for prevention of equine disease is proper vaccination with one of the numerous commercially available vaccines available in North America or the European Union. Recently, WNV has been increasingly associated with equine epizootics resulting from novel non-lineage-1a viruses in expanding geographic areas. However, specific experimental data on the virulence of these novel virus strains is lacking and questions remain as to the etiology of the expanded epizootics: whether it be a function of inherent virulence or ecological and/or climactic factors that could precipitate the altered epidemiological patterns observed.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2013-08-28 PubMed ID: 24035480PubMed Central: PMC4581842DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the West Nile virus (WNV) and its tangential infections in equids (horses, donkeys, and zebras), highlighting the possible causes of its increased association with equine diseases, the associate symptoms, mortality rates, and strategies for prevention like vaccination.

West Nile Virus and Equids

  • West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is primarily transmitted between specific bird species and mosquitoes.
  • Equids such as horses, donkeys, and zebras can also get infected by this virus, although this is not the primary infection route.
  • Historical data has indicated recurring cases of equine epizootics due to WNV.
  • The attack rate, indicating how frequently the disease occurs, is estimated to be less than 10%.
  • Despite the relatively low attack rate, mortality rates can surge up to 50% in horses that show clinical symptoms of the disease.

Symptoms of WNV in Equids

  • WNV typically manifests itself in the form of encephalitis in equids, which is inflammation of the brain.
  • Other symptoms commonly observed include ataxia (a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements), limb weakness, recumbency (lying down), and muscle fasciculations (muscle twitches).

Prevention of WNV in Equids

  • Prevention is considered the most effective approach against WNV infection in equids.
  • This can be achieved through proper vaccination using one of the many commercially available vaccines within North America and the European Union.

Recent Trends and Questions

  • Recent trends show an increasing association of WNV with equine epizootics spurred by novel non-lineage-1a viruses. These are found in expanding geographic areas where WNV was not formerly prominent.
  • Despite the observations, specific experimental data on the virulence, or disease-causing ability, of these novel virus strains is not yet available.
  • The research seeks to understand whether the observed expansion in epizootics is a result of the inherent virulence of these new virus strains, or if it can be attributed to ecological and climate factors that may alter epidemiological patterns.

Cite This Article

APA
Angenvoort J, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Groschup MH. (2013). West Nile viral infection of equids. Vet Microbiol, 167(1-2), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 1873-2542
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 167
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 168-180
PII: S0378-1135(13)00412-4

Researcher Affiliations

Angenvoort, J
  • Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Brault, A C
    Bowen, R A
      Groschup, M H

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
        • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
        • Horse Diseases / pathology
        • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
        • Horse Diseases / virology
        • Horses
        • Phylogeny
        • West Nile Fever / diagnosis
        • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
        • West Nile Fever / pathology
        • West Nile Fever / prevention & control
        • West Nile Fever / veterinary
        • West Nile virus / classification
        • West Nile virus / genetics
        • West Nile virus / physiology

        Grant Funding

        • CC999999 / Intramural CDC HHS

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