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Home / Equine Research Bank / Rev Panam Salud Publica / West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health2006; 19(2); 112-117; doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892006000200006

West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Abstract: West Nile virus (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae; WNV) has spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean Basin since its initial detection there in 2001. This report summarizes our current knowledge of WNV transmission in tropical America. Methods: We reviewed the published literature and consulted with key public health officials to obtain unpublished data. Results: West Nile virus infections first appeared in human residents of the Cayman Islands and the Florida Keys in 2001, and in apparently healthy Jamaican birds sampled early in 2002. Serologic evidence of WNV infection in 2002 was detected in horses, chickens and resident free-ranging birds in Guadeloupe, the Dominican Republic, and eastern Mexico. In 2003, WNV spread in Mexico and northern Central America, and serologic evidence was detected in the Bahamas, Puerto Rico and Cuba. In 2004, the first serologic evidence of WNV activity in South American ecosystems surfaced in September-October in Colombia and Trinidad, where domestic animals circulated WNV-neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions: The sparse reports of equine, human and avian disease in Latin America and the Caribbean is puzzling. Isolates are needed to evaluate viral attenuation or other possible explanations for reduced disease burden in tropical ecosystems.
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Publication Date: 2006-03-23 PubMed ID: 16551385DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892006000200006Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the spread and impact of the West Nile virus across the Caribbean Basin starting from 2001. It documents the occurrences of infections and details the behaviour of the virus in tropical ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Methods

  • The researchers reviewed the published literature and consulted with key public health officials to obtain non-public data on West Nile virus activity in the region.

Results

  • The first West Nile Virus infections were reported in humans living in the Cayman Islands and the Florida Keys in 2001. Healthy Jamaican birds sampled in early 2002 were also found to be infected.
  • In 2002, serological evidence of the virus was found in horses, chickens and free-ranging birds in Guadeloupe, the Dominican Republic, and eastern Mexico. Serological evidence refers to the presence of antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to an infection, thus indicating that the animals had been exposed to the West Nile virus.
  • The virus continued to spread in Mexico and northern Central America in 2003. Biosurveillance identified serological evidence of the virus in the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
  • In 2004, the presence of West Nile virus was reported in South America, specifically in Colombia and Trinidad. Data indicated that domestic animals circulated West Nile virus-neutralizing antibodies, thus confirming the virus’ presence in these regions.

Conclusions

  • Despite the spread of the virus, there have been sparse reports of disease in horses, humans and birds in Latin America and the Caribbean. This scarcity of disease reports is surprising and the authors suggest that a plausible reason could be virus attenuation. This is a process where the virus loses virulence or the ability to cause disease as it is transmitted through hosts.
  • The authors noted the need to isolate the virus to evaluate potential reasons for the reduced disease burden in tropical ecosystems which include but are not limited to environmental, ecological or viral genomic factors.

Cite This Article

APA
Komar N, Clark GG. (2006). West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 19(2), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892006000200006

Publication

Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health
ISSN: 1020-4989
NlmUniqueID: 9705400
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 2
Pages: 112-117

Researcher Affiliations

Komar, Nicholas
  • Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA. nkomar@cdc.gov
Clark, Gary G

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Antibodies, Viral / analysis
    • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
    • Bird Diseases / virology
    • Birds / virology
    • Caribbean Region / epidemiology
    • Chickens / virology
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / virology
    • Horses / virology
    • Humans
    • Latin America / epidemiology
    • Population Surveillance
    • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
    • West Nile Fever / prevention & control
    • West Nile Fever / transmission
    • West Nile virus / immunology
    • West Nile virus / isolation & purification

    Citations

    This article has been cited 87 times.
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