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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020; 9(7); 589; doi: 10.3390/pathogens9070589

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and "One Health" implications of WNV infection and disease.
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Publication Date: 2020-07-19 PubMed ID: 32707644PubMed Central: PMC7400489DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article provides a recent update on the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and One Health implications of West Nile virus (WNV), a zoonotic flavivirus that affects humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species, causing everything from mild fever to lethal neuroinvasive disease.

Pathobiology of West Nile Virus

  • The research discusses the pathogenesis of WNV which has been widely studied in many hosts, like humans and certain animal species. Its pathogenesis involves how the virus infiltrates its host, multiplies, and causes the disease.
  • However, several propositions about the pathogenesis of WNV are still under debate, suggesting that there is much that needs to be unraveled about this process.

Epidemiology of West Nile Virus

  • The study also relates to the epidemiology of WNV, discussing how it is responsible for various disease outbreaks in both humans and animals around the globe, with the exception of Antarctica.
  • These outbreaks and infections lead to economic losses due to the cost of treating infected patients, efforts to control the disease, and animal and animal product losses.

Diagnostic Methods and Control Measures

  • Diagnostics are also covered, focusing on the different methods available for identifying and verifying the presence of the disease. However, there is no specific antiviral treatment or safe and effective vaccines available for WNV at present. This contributes to the persistence and continued outbreaks of the disease in both endemic and non-endemic areas.
  • The control measures to contain and prevent the WNV are included in the discussion as well.

“One Health” Implications and Other Factors

  • The article looks at One Health implications of WNV. The One Health approach is a strategy that recognizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment. Given that WNV is a zoonotic virus, it has substantial implications from a One Health perspective.
  • Other impactful factors, such as globalisation and climate change, which are identified as potent drivers of virus emergence and re-emergence, are also factored into the discussion. Climate change may affect the habitats of vector species thereby influencing disease transmission patterns. Similarly, globalisation can spread the virus into new areas.

Cite This Article

APA
Habarugira G, Suen WW, Hobson-Peters J, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. (2020). West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications. Pathogens, 9(7), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070589

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
PII: 589

Researcher Affiliations

Habarugira, Gervais
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia.
Suen, Willy W
  • Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia.
Hobson-Peters, Jody
  • School of Chemistry &Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Hall, Roy A
  • School of Chemistry &Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle
  • School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia.
  • School of Chemistry &Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
  • Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.

Grant Funding

  • CRC-DNA 2018-20 / Cooperative Research Centre for Developing Northern Australia
  • APP1138611 / National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia
  • LP120100686 / Australian Research Council
  • NA / UQ Science with Impact Fund
  • 2019-20 / SVS Bequest Fund

Conflict of Interest Statement

All authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish this review article.

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Citations

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