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Viruses2021; 13(9); 1873; doi: 10.3390/v13091873

West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria.

Abstract: The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in addition to the autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe causes rising concern for public and animal health. The first equine case of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Austria was diagnosed in 2016. As a consequence, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in 2017, including 348 equids from eastern Austria. Serum samples reactive by ELISA for either flavivirus immunoglobulin G or M were further analyzed with the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT-80) to identify the specific etiologic agent. Neutralizing antibody prevalences excluding vaccinated equids were found to be 5.3% for WNV, 15.5% for TBEV, 0% for USUV, and 1.2% for WNV from autochthonous origin. Additionally, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect WNV nucleic acid in horse sera and was found to be negative in all cases. Risk factor analysis did not identify any factors significantly associated with seropositivity.
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Publication Date: 2021-09-19 PubMed ID: 34578454PubMed Central: PMC8473302DOI: 10.3390/v13091873Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the presence of West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in horses in eastern Austria, revealing that WNV and TBEV are endemic in these animals.

Study Setup

  • The researchers initiated this study in response to the first diagnosis of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in horses in Austria in 2016. Following this, a seroprevalence study was carried out in 2017 on 348 horses from eastern Austria.

Methods and Analysis

  • The team used a biochemical test called ELISA to identify the presence of antibodies against these viruses in the horses. The positive samples were further analyzed using a ‘plaque reduction neutralization test’ (PRNT-80) to identify the exact virus causing the infection.
  • Additionally, a technique called reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out on the horse sera to detect the presence of the West Nile virus at the genetic level.

Findings

  • Excluding vaccinated horses, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was found to be 5.3% for WNV, 15.5% for TBEV, and 1.2% for WNV derived from autochthonous origin. The prevalence for USUV was 0%.
  • The RT-qPCR test yielded negative results in all cases, indicating the absence of WNV nucleic acid.

Risk Factors

  • Though a risk factor analysis was conducted, it did not lead to the identification of any factors significantly associated with seropositivity, i.e., positive blood serology results indicating past or present infection.

Cite This Article

APA
de Heus P, Kolodziejek J, Hubálek Z, Dimmel K, Racher V, Nowotny N, Cavalleri JV. (2021). West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria. Viruses, 13(9), 1873. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091873

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 9
PII: 1873

Researcher Affiliations

de Heus, Phebe
  • Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Kolodziejek, Jolanta
  • Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Hubálek, Zdenĕk
  • Institute for Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvĕtná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic.
Dimmel, Katharina
  • Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Racher, Victoria
  • Department of Mathematics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
Nowotny, Norbert
  • Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
  • Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Building 14, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates.
Cavalleri, Jessika-M V
  • Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Austria / epidemiology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / immunology
  • Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / veterinary
  • Endemic Diseases / veterinary
  • Equidae / virology
  • Female
  • Flavivirus / immunology
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Risk Factors
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile virus / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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