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Home / Equine Research Bank / Virulence / Western equine encephalitis virus: A comprehensive review of...
Virulence2025; 16(1); 2580162; doi: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2580162

Western equine encephalitis virus: A comprehensive review of epidemics, transmission, hosts, and strategies for mitigation.

Abstract: Recent increases in cases of western equine encephalitis (WEE) in South America have raised significant concerns about the virus's potential to cause an endemic disease due to its adaptation to mosquito vectors. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or treatments for WEEV, despite ongoing research into various biochemical products in animal models. The virus presents different pathological effects depending on the host. In humans, WEEV infection leads to central nervous system damage, resulting in encephalitis and severe neurological sequelae, which underscores the need for further research into its pathogenic mechanisms. To enhance understanding of WEEV and address potential threats, this review focuses on the virus's natural transmission cycle, the development of biochemical products for combating WEEV infection, and new diagnosis methods. It also highlights research on mechanisms in animal models, offering potential strategies for defending against WEEV.
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Publication Date: 2025-11-03 PubMed ID: 41178425PubMed Central: PMC12584650DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2025.2580162Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This review article summarizes the current knowledge about Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), focusing on its outbreaks, how it spreads, the host animals involved, and potential measures to control and mitigate the virus.

Background and Significance

  • Western equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause serious neurological disease in humans and animals.
  • Recently, South America has seen a rise in WEE cases, raising concerns that the virus might become endemic in the region through adaptation to local mosquito populations.
  • There are currently no licensed vaccines or effective treatments available to prevent or cure WEE infections.

Transmission Cycle and Hosts

  • WEEV is primarily transmitted through mosquito vectors, which acquire the virus from infected reservoir hosts.
  • The transmission cycle usually involves bird hosts as reservoirs and mosquitoes as vectors, but other animals—including horses and humans—can become infected incidental hosts.
  • Understanding this natural transmission cycle is critical for developing control strategies to interrupt virus spread.

Pathogenesis and Disease Impact

  • In humans, WEEV infection targets the central nervous system, causing encephalitis (brain inflammation).
  • The disease can result in severe neurological damage and long-term complications, contributing to high morbidity.
  • The severity of symptoms varies depending on the host species and individual immune responses.

Research into Treatments and Diagnosis

  • Current research is investigating biochemical compounds in animal models to identify potential therapeutic agents against WEEV.
  • These experimental therapies aim to mitigate viral replication or modulate immune responses to limit neurological damage.
  • Advancements in diagnostic methods are also being pursued to enable rapid and accurate detection of WEEV infections, which is essential for outbreak management.

Future Directions and Mitigation Strategies

  • The review emphasizes the importance of continued research to elucidate the virus’s pathogenic mechanisms in various hosts.
  • Developing effective vaccines and antiviral treatments remains a priority to prevent spread and reduce disease burden.
  • Vector control methods targeting mosquito populations and public health interventions are crucial complementary measures.
  • Animal models provide valuable insights into the virus’s behavior and potential targets for intervention, guiding future therapeutic strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Wang L, Zheng R, Li Z, Zhang L. (2025). Western equine encephalitis virus: A comprehensive review of epidemics, transmission, hosts, and strategies for mitigation. Virulence, 16(1), 2580162. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2025.2580162

Publication

Virulence
ISSN: 2150-5608
NlmUniqueID: 101531386
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 2580162
PII: 2580162

Researcher Affiliations

Wang, Lan
  • Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
  • Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
Zheng, Ruoqi
  • Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
Li, Zichen
  • Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
Zhang, Leiliang
  • Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
  • Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine / pathogenicity
  • Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine / physiology
  • Horses
  • Mosquito Vectors / virology
  • Epidemics
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / prevention & control
  • Encephalomyelitis, Equine / virology
  • South America / epidemiology
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine / transmission
  • Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine / prevention & control
  • Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine / virology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine / diagnosis

Conflict of Interest Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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