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Veterinary microbiology2012; 162(2-4); 396-407; doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.019

Whole inactivated equine influenza vaccine: Efficacy against a representative clade 2 equine influenza virus, IFNgamma synthesis and duration of humoral immunity.

Abstract: Equine influenza (EI) is a serious respiratory disease of horses induced by the equine influenza virus (EIV). Surveillance, quarantine procedures and vaccination are widely used to prevent or to contain the disease. This study aimed to further characterise the immune response induced by a non-updated inactivated EI and tetanus vaccine, including protection against a representative EIV isolate of the Florida clade 2 sublineage. Seven ponies were vaccinated twice with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus at an interval of four weeks. Five ponies remained unvaccinated. All ponies were experimentally infected with the EIV strain A/eq/Richmond/1/07 two weeks after the second vaccination. Clinical signs of disease were recorded and virus shedding was measured after experimental infection. Antibody response and EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis, a marker of cell-mediated immunity, were measured at different time points of the study. Vaccination resulted in significant protection against clinical signs of disease induced by A/eq/Richmond/1/07 and reduced virus shedding when challenged at the peak of immunity. Antigenic drift has been shown to reduce protection against EIV infection. Inclusion of a more recent and representative EIV vaccine strain, as recommended by the OIE expert surveillance panel on equine influenza vaccine, may maximise field protection. In addition, significant levels of EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes were detected in immunised ponies, which provided a first evidence of CMI stimulation after vaccination with a whole inactivated EIV. Duration of humoral response was also retrospectively investigated in 14 horses vaccinated under field condition and following the appropriate immunisation schedule, up to 599 days after first immunisation. This study revealed that most immunised horses maintained significant levels of cross-reactive SRH antibody for a prolonged period of time, but individual monitoring may be beneficial to identify poor vaccine responders.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2012-10-24 PubMed ID: 23146168DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.019Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research studies the effectiveness of a non-updated inactivated equine influenza vaccine in providing immunity to horses against a specific strain of the equine influenza virus. It indicates that the vaccine offered significant protection against the disease and reduced the amount of virus shed during the peak of immunity. It also triggered significant levels of immune responses, and maintained prolonged levels of cross-reactive antibodies in most immunised horses.

Objective and Methodology

  • The study aimed to understand the immune response induced by a non-updated inactivated equine influenza and tetanus vaccine. It focused on protection the vaccine offers against a specific strain of the equine influenza virus (EIV), namely the Florida clade 2 sublineage.
  • As part of the methodology, seven ponies were vaccinated twice with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus at a four-week interval, while five ponies were left unvaccinated as a control group. Two weeks after the vaccination, all the ponies were experimentally infected with the EIV strain A/eq/Richmond/1/07.

Observations and Findings

  • The study found that vaccination offered significant protection against the clinical signs of the disease induced by the EIV strain and also reduced virus shedding at the peak of immunity.
  • The study also revealed significant levels of EIV-specific IFNgamma synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in vaccinated ponies, providing evidence of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) stimulation after vaccination.
  • The duration of the humoral response was retrospectively investigated in 14 horses vaccinated under field conditions for up to 599 days after immunisation. It was found that most immunised horses maintained significant levels of cross-reactive SRH antibodies for a prolonged period.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • While the vaccine showed significant levels of protection, the study pointed out that antigenic drift could reduce protection against EIV. It recommended the inclusion of a more recent and representative EIV vaccine strain to maximise field protection.
  • Individual monitoring was recommended to identify poor vaccine responders as it was noted that the response level varied across subjects.

Implications

  • The findings of this study show that while the non-updated inactivated equine influenza vaccine was effective in protecting against a specific strain of EIV, updates to the vaccine might be needed to maximize field protection.
  • The research helps in the understanding of the immune response in horses following vaccination, which is key in managing and preventing outbreaks of equine influenza.

Cite This Article

APA
Paillot R, Prowse L, Montesso F, Huang CM, Barnes H, Escala J. (2012). Whole inactivated equine influenza vaccine: Efficacy against a representative clade 2 equine influenza virus, IFNgamma synthesis and duration of humoral immunity. Vet Microbiol, 162(2-4), 396-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.019

Publication

Veterinary microbiology
ISSN: 1873-2542
NlmUniqueID: 7705469
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 162
Issue: 2-4
Pages: 396-407
PII: S0378-1135(12)00558-5

Researcher Affiliations

Paillot, R
  • Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK. Electronic address: romain.paillot@aht.org.uk.
Prowse, L
  • Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
Montesso, F
  • Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
Huang, C M
  • Eli Lilly and Company, 1301 South White River Parkway East, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA.
Barnes, H
  • Elanco Animal Health, European Biological R&D Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Lilly House, Priestley Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 9NL, UK.
Escala, J
  • Elanco Animal Health, European Biological R&D Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Lilly House, Priestley Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 9NL, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • Antibody Formation / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horses / immunology
  • Immunity, Cellular / immunology
  • Immunity, Humoral / immunology
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
  • Interferon-gamma / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / administration & dosage
  • Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
  • Virus Shedding / immunology

Citations

This article has been cited 23 times.
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