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Viruses2021; 13(12); 2404; doi: 10.3390/v13122404

Widespread Circulation of Flaviviruses in Horses and Birds in Northeastern Spain (Catalonia) between 2010 and 2019.

Abstract: The surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) in Catalonia (northeastern Spain) has consistently detected flaviviruses not identified as WNV. With the aim of characterizing the flaviviruses circulating in Catalonia, serum samples from birds and horses collected between 2010 and 2019 and positive by panflavivirus competition ELISA (cELISA) were analyzed by microneutralization test (MNT) against different flaviviruses. A third of the samples tested were inconclusive by MNT, highlighting the limitations of current diagnostic techniques. Our results evidenced the widespread circulation of flaviviruses, in particular WNV, but also Usutu virus (USUV), and suggest that chicken and horses could serve as sentinels for both viruses. In several regions, WNV and USUV overlapped, but no significant geographical aggregation was observed. Bagaza virus (BAGV) was not detected in birds, while positivity to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was sporadically detected in horses although no endemic foci were observed. So far, no human infections by WNV, USUV, or TBEV have been reported in Catalonia. However, these zoonotic flaviviruses need to be kept under surveillance, ideally within a One Health framework.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-30 PubMed ID: 34960673PubMed Central: PMC8708358DOI: 10.3390/v13122404Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the detection and characterization of flaviviruses, particularly West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), in birds and horses in Catalonia, Spain, from 2010 to 2019. The findings highlight the limitations of current diagnostic methods, but also the value of birds and horses as sentinel species. The absence of reported human infections does not lessen the importance of continued monitoring within a One Health framework.

Flavivirus Detection and Analysis

  • The study was conducted in Catalonia, a region in northeastern Spain, over a period of nearly a decade (2010 to 2019).
  • The aim of the research was to characterize the range of flaviviruses found in this region, primarily through the testing of serum samples from birds and horses.
  • These animals were selected because previous surveillance for the West Nile virus (WNV) had routinely identified flaviviruses other than WNV.

Diagnostic Techniques and Limitations

  • The researchers used a panflavivirus competition ELISA (cELISA) as a diagnostic test, followed by a microneutralization test (MNT) against various flaviviruses.
  • However, one-third of the samples produced inconclusive results in the MNT, which points to the limitations of the current diagnostic methods.

Findings and Implications

  • The research provides evidence of the widespread presence of flaviviruses, particularly WNV and Usutu virus (USUV), in the region’s bird and horse populations.
  • Yet, no significant geographical aggregation of these diseases was observed throughout the region, and the prevalence of Bagaza virus (BAGV) in birds and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in horses was relatively low.
  • No human infections by WNV, USUV, or TBEV were reported during the study period. However, given the zoonotic nature of these viruses, the researchers urged that monitoring should remain robust.
  • The authors recommend using birds and horses as sentinel species. Sentinel species are organisms used to detect risks to humans by providing advance warning of a particular disease.

One Health Framework

  • Given the interconnectedness of human and animal health, the authors recommend that surveillance efforts should ideally happen within a One Health framework.
  • One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach that works locally, regionally, nationally, and globally to achieve optimal health outcomes, recognizing the interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

Cite This Article

APA
Napp S, Llorente F, Beck C, Jose-Cunilleras E, Soler M, Pailler-García L, Amaral R, Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Pifarré M, Molina-López R, Obón E, Nicolás O, Lecollinet S, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Busquets N. (2021). Widespread Circulation of Flaviviruses in Horses and Birds in Northeastern Spain (Catalonia) between 2010 and 2019. Viruses, 13(12), 2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122404

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
PII: 2404

Researcher Affiliations

Napp, Sebastian
  • IRTA, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA IRTA-UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
Llorente, Francisco
  • Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain.
Beck, Cécile
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Jose-Cunilleras, Eduard
  • Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
  • Servei Medicina Interna Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
Soler, Mercè
  • Servei de Prevenció en Salut Animal, Departament d'Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural (DACC), 08007 Barcelona, Spain.
Pailler-García, Lola
  • IRTA, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA IRTA-UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
Amaral, Rayane
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Aguilera-Sepúlveda, Pilar
  • Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain.
Pifarré, Maria
  • Centre de Fauna dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 17486 Castelló d'Empúries, Spain.
Molina-López, Rafael
  • Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain.
Obón, Elena
  • Centre de Fauna de Torreferrussa, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain.
Nicolás, Olga
  • Centre de Fauna de Vallcalent, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 25199 Lleida, Spain.
  • Parc Natural de l'Alt Pirineu, Àrea de Gestió Ambiental Servei de Fauna i Flora, Forestal Catalana, 25595 Llavorsí, Spain.
Lecollinet, Sylvie
  • UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel
  • Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain.
  • CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Busquets, Núria
  • IRTA, Animal Health Research Centre (CReSA IRTA-UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Bird Diseases / blood
  • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
  • Bird Diseases / virology
  • Birds
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
  • Flavivirus / genetics
  • Flavivirus / immunology
  • Flavivirus / isolation & purification
  • Flavivirus / physiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / blood
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Spain / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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