FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Science (New York, N.Y.)2001; 291(5503); 474-477; doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474

Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.

Abstract: Domestication entails control of wild species and is generally regarded as a complex process confined to a restricted area and culture. Previous DNA sequence analyses of several domestic species have suggested only a limited number of origination events. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses and found a high diversity of matrilines. Sequence analysis of equids from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits showed that this diversity was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event. Consequently, high mtDNA sequence diversity of horses implies an unprecedented and widespread integration of matrilines and an extensive utilization and taming of wild horses. However, genetic variation at nuclear markers is partitioned among horse breeds and may reflect sex-biased dispersal and breeding.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2001-02-13 PubMed ID: 11161199DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study underlines the diverse origins of domestic horse lineages, overarching the old belief of limited origination events. The study posits that the vast diversity of matrilines came from a broad and comprehensive integration of them, along with a widespread taming and use of wild horses.

Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA

  • The researchers carried out an analysis on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses. They discovered a high diversity of matrilines, indicating that the origins of domestic horse lineages were not limited to a few events or locations, but were more widespread and complex.

Exploration of Equids from Archaeological Sites

  • This study also involved the investigation of equids, which are horse-like animals, from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits. The researchers aimed to compare these equids’ DNA sequences with the mtDNA sequences of modern domestic horses to determine the diversity.
  • The outcomes of the analysis demonstrated that the high diversity found was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event, thus debunking the possibility of these factors contributing to lineage diversity.

Implication of mtDNA Sequence Diversity

  • The study’s results suggest that the high mtDNA sequence diversity among horses implies an unprecedented and widespread integration of matrilines. This signifies that domestication must have involved comprehensive incorporation of different matrilines.
  • Evidence also points to an extensive utilization and taming of wild horses, implying that the domestication process was not confined to a specific area or a small number of wild horses but was more broad-based.

Consideration of Genetic Variation at Nuclear Markers

  • The paper also mentions that genetic variation at nuclear markers is partitioned among horse breeds. This could indicate sex-biased dispersal and selective breeding, suggesting that while the origins were diverse, controlled breeding practices also played a significant role in shaping the genetic diversity of domestic horse lineages over time.

Cite This Article

APA
Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H. (2001). Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages. Science, 291(5503), 474-477. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5503.474

Publication

Science (New York, N.Y.)
ISSN: 0036-8075
NlmUniqueID: 0404511
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 291
Issue: 5503
Pages: 474-477

Researcher Affiliations

Vilà, C
  • Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. carles.vila@ebc.uu.se
Leonard, J A
    Gotherstrom, A
      Marklund, S
        Sandberg, K
          Liden, K
            Wayne, R K
              Ellegren, H

                MeSH Terms

                • Alleles
                • Animal Husbandry
                • Animals
                • Animals, Domestic / genetics
                • Animals, Wild / genetics
                • Biological Evolution
                • Breeding
                • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
                • Female
                • Fossils
                • Genetic Variation
                • Genetics, Population
                • Haplotypes
                • Horses / genetics
                • Male
                • Microsatellite Repeats
                • Pedigree

                Citations

                This article has been cited 111 times.
                1. Sheikh A. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of Kehilan and Hamdani horses from Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023 Sep;30(9):103741.
                  doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103741pubmed: 37575470google scholar: lookup
                2. Cardinali I, Giontella A, Tommasi A, Silvestrelli M, Lancioni H. Unlocking Horse Y Chromosome Diversity. Genes (Basel) 2022 Dec 2;13(12).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes13122272pubmed: 36553539google scholar: lookup
                3. Sharif MB, Fitak RR, Wallner B, Orozco-terWengel P, Frewin S, Fremaux M, Mohandesan E. Reconstruction of the Major Maternal and Paternal Lineages in the Feral New Zealand Kaimanawa Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 12;12(24).
                  doi: 10.3390/ani12243508pubmed: 36552427google scholar: lookup
                4. Nikbakhsh M, Varkoohi S, Seyedabadi HR. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop hyper-variable region 1 variability in Kurdish horse breed. Vet Med Sci 2023 Mar;9(2):721-728.
                  doi: 10.1002/vms3.996pubmed: 36367719google scholar: lookup
                5. Xu B, Yang G, Jiao B, Zhu H. Analysis of ancient and modern horse genomes reveals the critical impact of lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation on horse domestication. Front Genet 2022;13:944933.
                  doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.944933pubmed: 36276948google scholar: lookup
                6. Delsol N, Stucky BJ, Oswald JA, Reitz EJ, Emery KF, Guralnick R. Analysis of the earliest complete mtDNA genome of a Caribbean colonial horse (Equus caballus) from 16th-century Haiti. PLoS One 2022;17(7):e0270600.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270600pubmed: 35895670google scholar: lookup
                7. Myćka G, Klecel W, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Jaworska J, Musiał AD, Ropka-Molik K. Mitochondrial Whole D-Loop Variability in Polish Draft Horses of Sztumski Subtype. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 22;12(15).
                  doi: 10.3390/ani12151870pubmed: 35892520google scholar: lookup
                8. Hong JH, Oh CS, Kim S, Kang IU, Shin DH. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA from ancient Equus caballus bones found at archaeological site of Joseon dynasty period capital area. Anim Biosci 2022 Aug;35(8):1141-1150.
                  doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0500pubmed: 35240033google scholar: lookup
                9. Wolfsberger WW, Ayala NM, Castro-Marquez SO, Irizarry-Negron VM, Potapchuk A, Shchubelka K, Potish L, Majeske AJ, Oliver LF, Lameiro AD, Martínez-Cruzado JC, Lindgren G, Oleksyk TK. Genetic diversity and selection in Puerto Rican horses. Sci Rep 2022 Jan 11;12(1):515.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04537-5pubmed: 35017609google scholar: lookup
                10. Dell A, Curry M, Hunter E, Dalton R, Yarnell K, Starbuck G, Wilson PB. 16 Years of breed management brings substantial improvement in population genetics of the endangered Cleveland Bay Horse. Ecol Evol 2021 Nov;11(21):14555-14572.
                  doi: 10.1002/ece3.8118pubmed: 34765125google scholar: lookup
                11. Mazzatenta A, Vignoli M, Caputo M, Vignola G, Tamburro R, De Sanctis F, Roig JM, Bucci R, Robbe D, Carluccio A. Maternal Phylogenetic Relationships and Genetic Variation among Rare, Phenotypically Similar Donkey Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2021 Jul 22;12(8).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes12081109pubmed: 34440283google scholar: lookup
                12. Kurek T, Todys J, Pazdrowski W, Szymański M, Łukowski A. Intensity of Stripping and Sugar Content in the Bark and the Bast of European Beech (Fagus Sylvatica). Open Life Sci 2019 Jan;14:19-28.
                  doi: 10.1515/biol-2019-0003pubmed: 33817133google scholar: lookup
                13. Liu S, Fu C, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Ma H, Xiong Z, Ling Y, Zhao C. Current genetic conservation of Chinese indigenous horses revealed with Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. G3 (Bethesda) 2021 Feb 9;11(2).
                  doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab008pubmed: 33604674google scholar: lookup
                14. Effa K, Rosenbom S, Han J, Dessie T, Beja-Pereira A. Genetic Diversities and Historical Dynamics of Native Ethiopian Horse Populations (Equus caballus) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms. Genes (Basel) 2021 Jan 25;12(2).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes12020155pubmed: 33503948google scholar: lookup
                15. Dell AC, Curry MC, Yarnell KM, Starbuck GR, Wilson PB. Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation and maternal lineage in the endangered Cleveland Bay horse. PLoS One 2020;15(12):e0243247.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243247pubmed: 33270708google scholar: lookup
                16. Vorobieva NV, Makunin AI, Druzhkova AS, Kusliy MA, Trifonov VA, Popova KO, Polosmak NV, Molodin VI, Vasiliev SK, Shunkov MV, Graphodatsky AS. High genetic diversity of ancient horses from the Ukok Plateau. PLoS One 2020;15(11):e0241997.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241997pubmed: 33180850google scholar: lookup
                17. Nguyen TB, Paul RC, Okuda Y, LE TNA, Pham PTK, Kaissar KJ, Kazhmurat A, Bibigul S, Bakhtin M, Kazymbet P, Maratbek SZ, Meldebekov A, Nishibori M, Ibi T, Tsuji T, Kunieda T. Genetic characterization of Kushum horses in Kazakhstan based on haplotypes of mtDNA and Y chromosome, and genes associated with important traits of the horses. J Equine Sci 2020 Oct;31(3):35-43.
                  doi: 10.1294/jes.31.35pubmed: 33061782google scholar: lookup
                18. Guimaraes S, Arbuckle BS, Peters J, Adcock SE, Buitenhuis H, Chazin H, Manaseryan N, Uerpmann HP, Grange T, Geigl EM. Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age. Sci Adv 2020 Sep;6(38).
                  doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0030pubmed: 32938680google scholar: lookup
                19. Liu S, Yang Y, Pan Q, Sun Y, Ma H, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhao C, Wu C. Ancient Patrilineal Lines and Relatively High ECAY Diversity Preserved in Indigenous Horses Revealed With Novel Y-Chromosome Markers. Front Genet 2020;11:467.
                  doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00467pubmed: 32508879google scholar: lookup
                20. Frantz LAF, Bradley DG, Larson G, Orlando L. Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics. Nat Rev Genet 2020 Aug;21(8):449-460.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0pubmed: 32265525google scholar: lookup
                21. Winton CL, McMahon R, Hegarty MJ, McEwan NR, Davies-Morel MCG, Morgan C, Nash DM. Genetic diversity within and between British and Irish breeds: The maternal and paternal history of native ponies. Ecol Evol 2020 Feb;10(3):1352-1367.
                  doi: 10.1002/ece3.5989pubmed: 32076519google scholar: lookup
                22. Solberg MF, Robertsen G, Sundt-Hansen LE, Hindar K, Glover KA. Domestication leads to increased predation susceptibility. Sci Rep 2020 Feb 6;10(1):1929.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58661-9pubmed: 32029847google scholar: lookup
                23. McHugo GP, Dover MJ, MacHugh DE. Unlocking the origins and biology of domestic animals using ancient DNA and paleogenomics. BMC Biol 2019 Dec 2;17(1):98.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0724-7pubmed: 31791340google scholar: lookup
                24. Ning T, Ling Y, Hu S, Ardalan A, Li J, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Guan W, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Savolainen P, Zhang Y. Local origin or external input: modern horse origin in East Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2019 Nov 27;19(1):217.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1532-ypubmed: 31775623google scholar: lookup
                25. Srikanth K, Kim NY, Park W, Kim JM, Kim KD, Lee KT, Son JH, Chai HH, Choi JW, Jang GW, Kim H, Ryu YC, Nam JW, Park JE, Kim JM, Lim D. Comprehensive genome and transcriptome analyses reveal genetic relationship, selection signature, and transcriptome landscape of small-sized Korean native Jeju horse. Sci Rep 2019 Nov 13;9(1):16672.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53102-8pubmed: 31723199google scholar: lookup
                26. Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019 Dec;50(6):569-597.
                  doi: 10.1111/age.12857pubmed: 31568563google scholar: lookup
                27. Sild E, Värv S, Kaart T, Kantanen J, Popov R, Viinalass H. Maternal and paternal genetic variation in Estonian local horse breeds in the context of geographically adjacent and distant Eurasian breeds. Anim Genet 2019 Dec;50(6):757-760.
                  doi: 10.1111/age.12835pubmed: 31475379google scholar: lookup
                28. Castaneda C, Juras R, Khanshour A, Randlaht I, Wallner B, Rigler D, Lindgren G, Raudsepp T, Cothran EG. Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines. Genes (Basel) 2019 Aug 20;10(8).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes10080629pubmed: 31434327google scholar: lookup
                29. Kvist L, Niskanen M, Mannermaa K, Wutke S, Aspi J. Genetic variability and history of a native Finnish horse breed. Genet Sel Evol 2019 Jul 1;51(1):35.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8pubmed: 31262246google scholar: lookup
                30. Seong HS, Kim NY, Kim DC, Hwang NH, Son DH, Shin JS, Lee JH, Chung WH, Choi JW. Whole genome sequencing analysis of horse populations inhabiting the Korean Peninsula and Przewalski's horse. Genes Genomics 2019 Jun;41(6):621-628.
                  doi: 10.1007/s13258-019-00795-wpubmed: 30941726google scholar: lookup
                31. Ma H, Wang S, Zeng G, Guo J, Guo M, Dong X, Hua G, Liu Y, Wang M, Ling Y, Ding X, Zhao C, Wu C. The Origin of a Coastal Indigenous Horse Breed in China Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Data. Genes (Basel) 2019 Mar 21;10(3).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes10030241pubmed: 30901931google scholar: lookup
                32. Othman OE, Abd El-Kader HAM, Alam SS, Abd El-Aziem SH. Cytochrome b conservation between six camel breeds reared in Egypt. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017 Jun;15(1):1-6.
                  doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.04.006pubmed: 30647635google scholar: lookup
                33. Yoon SH, Lee W, Ahn H, Caetano-Anolles K, Park KD, Kim H. Origin and spread of Thoroughbred racehorses inferred from complete mitochondrial genome sequences: Phylogenomic and Bayesian coalescent perspectives. PLoS One 2018;13(9):e0203917.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203917pubmed: 30216366google scholar: lookup
                34. Cozzi MC, Strillacci MG, Valiati P, Rogliano E, Bagnato A, Longeri M. Genetic variability of Akhal-Teke horses bred in Italy. PeerJ 2018;6:e4889.
                  doi: 10.7717/peerj.4889pubmed: 30202639google scholar: lookup
                35. Yang L, Kong X, Yang S, Dong X, Yang J, Gou X, Zhang H. Haplotype diversity in mitochondrial DNA reveals the multiple origins of Tibetan horse. PLoS One 2018;13(7):e0201564.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201564pubmed: 30052677google scholar: lookup
                36. Zhang C, Ni P, Ahmad HI, Gemingguli M, Baizilaitibei A, Gulibaheti D, Fang Y, Wang H, Asif AR, Xiao C, Chen J, Ma Y, Liu X, Du X, Zhao S. Detecting the Population Structure and Scanning for Signatures of Selection in Horses (Equus caballus) From Whole-Genome Sequencing Data. Evol Bioinform Online 2018;14:1176934318775106.
                  doi: 10.1177/1176934318775106pubmed: 29899660google scholar: lookup
                37. Ma H, Wu Y, Xiang H, Yang Y, Wang M, Zhao C, Wu C. Some maternal lineages of domestic horses may have origins in East Asia revealed with further evidence of mitochondrial genomes and HVR-1 sequences. PeerJ 2018;6:e4896.
                  doi: 10.7717/peerj.4896pubmed: 29868288google scholar: lookup
                38. Wutke S, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Benecke N, Döhle HJ, Friederich S, Gonzalez J, Hofreiter M, Lõugas L, Magnell O, Malaspinas AS, Morales-Muñiz A, Orlando L, Reissmann M, Trinks A, Ludwig A. Decline of genetic diversity in ancient domestic stallions in Europe. Sci Adv 2018 Apr;4(4):eaap9691.
                  doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9691pubmed: 29675468google scholar: lookup
                39. Csizmár N, Mihók S, Jávor A, Kusza S. Genetic analysis of the Hungarian draft horse population using partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequencing. PeerJ 2018;6:e4198.
                  doi: 10.7717/peerj.4198pubmed: 29404201google scholar: lookup
                40. Hudson W. Whole-loop mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence variability in Egyptian Arabian equine matrilines. PLoS One 2017;12(8):e0184309.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184309pubmed: 28859174google scholar: lookup
                41. Barbato M, Hailer F, Orozco-terWengel P, Kijas J, Mereu P, Cabras P, Mazza R, Pirastru M, Bruford MW. Genomic signatures of adaptive introgression from European mouflon into domestic sheep. Sci Rep 2017 Aug 8;7(1):7623.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07382-7pubmed: 28790322google scholar: lookup
                42. Elsner J, Hofreiter M, Schibler J, Schlumbaum A. Ancient mtDNA diversity reveals specific population development of wild horses in Switzerland after the Last Glacial Maximum. PLoS One 2017;12(5):e0177458.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177458pubmed: 28542345google scholar: lookup
                43. Yoon SH, Kim J, Shin D, Cho S, Kwak W, Lee HK, Park KD, Kim H. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Korean native horse from Jeju Island: uncovering the spatio-temporal dynamics. Mol Biol Rep 2017 Apr;44(2):233-242.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11033-017-4101-8pubmed: 28432484google scholar: lookup
                44. Leonardi M, Librado P, Der Sarkissian C, Schubert M, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Gamba C, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Evolutionary Patterns and Processes: Lessons from Ancient DNA. Syst Biol 2017 Jan 1;66(1):e1-e29.
                  doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syw059pubmed: 28173586google scholar: lookup
                45. Librado P, Fages A, Gaunitz C, Leonardi M, Wagner S, Khan N, Hanghøj K, Alquraishi SA, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KA, Der Sarkissian C, Schubert M, Orlando L. The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses. Genetics 2016 Oct;204(2):423-434.
                  doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.194860pubmed: 27729493google scholar: lookup
                46. Cardinali I, Lancioni H, Giontella A, Capodiferro MR, Capomaccio S, Buttazzoni L, Biggio GP, Cherchi R, Albertini E, Olivieri A, Cappelli K, Achilli A, Silvestrelli M. An Overview of Ten Italian Horse Breeds through Mitochondrial DNA. PLoS One 2016;11(4):e0153004.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153004pubmed: 27054850google scholar: lookup
                47. Stefaniuk M, Ropka-Molik K. RNA sequencing as a powerful tool in searching for genes influencing health and performance traits of horses. J Appl Genet 2016 May;57(2):199-206.
                  doi: 10.1007/s13353-015-0320-7pubmed: 26446669google scholar: lookup
                48. Winton CL, Plante Y, Hind P, McMahon R, Hegarty MJ, McEwan NR, Davies-Morel MC, Morgan CM, Powell W, Nash DM. Comparative genetic diversity in a sample of pony breeds from the U.K. and North America: a case study in the conservation of global genetic resources. Ecol Evol 2015 Aug;5(16):3507-22.
                  doi: 10.1002/ece3.1562pubmed: 26380682google scholar: lookup
                49. Frantz LA, Schraiber JG, Madsen O, Megens HJ, Cagan A, Bosse M, Paudel Y, Crooijmans RP, Larson G, Groenen MA. Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes. Nat Genet 2015 Oct;47(10):1141-8.
                  doi: 10.1038/ng.3394pubmed: 26323058google scholar: lookup
                50. Han H, Zhang Q, Gao K, Yue X, Zhang T, Dang R, Lan X, Chen H, Lei C. Y-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Diversity in Chinese Indigenous Horse. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015 Aug;28(8):1066-74.
                  doi: 10.5713/ajas.14.0784pubmed: 26104513google scholar: lookup
                51. Ruff CB, Holt B, Niskanen M, Sladek V, Berner M, Garofalo E, Garvin HM, Hora M, Junno JA, Schuplerova E, Vilkama R, Whittey E. Gradual decline in mobility with the adoption of food production in Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Jun 9;112(23):7147-52.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502932112pubmed: 26060299google scholar: lookup
                52. Schubert M, Jónsson H, Chang D, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Ginolhac A, Albrechtsen A, Dupanloup I, Foucal A, Petersen B, Fumagalli M, Raghavan M, Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Velazquez AM, Stenderup J, Hoover CA, Rubin CJ, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, MacHugh DE, Kalbfleisch T, MacLeod JN, Rubin EM, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Andersson L, Hofreiter M, Marques-Bonet T, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, Excoffier L, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Orlando L. Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Dec 30;111(52):E5661-9.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416991111pubmed: 25512547google scholar: lookup
                53. Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol 2014 Dec;95(Pt 12):2748-2756.
                  doi: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0pubmed: 25185436google scholar: lookup
                54. Takasu M, Ishihara N, Tozaki T, Kakoi H, Maeda M, Mukoyama H. Genetic diversity of maternal lineage in the endangered Kiso horse based on polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J Vet Med Sci 2014 Nov;76(11):1451-6.
                  doi: 10.1292/jvms.14-0231pubmed: 25056676google scholar: lookup
                55. Zhang T, Lu H, Chen C, Jiang H, Wu S. Genetic Diversity of mtDNA D-loop and Maternal Origin of Three Chinese Native Horse Breeds. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2012 Jul;25(7):921-6.
                  doi: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11483pubmed: 25049645google scholar: lookup
                56. Marshall FB, Dobney K, Denham T, Capriles JM. Evaluating the roles of directed breeding and gene flow in animal domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Apr 29;111(17):6153-8.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312984110pubmed: 24753599google scholar: lookup
                57. Gerbault P, Allaby RG, Boivin N, Rudzinski A, Grimaldi IM, Pires JC, Climer Vigueira C, Dobney K, Gremillion KJ, Barton L, Arroyo-Kalin M, Purugganan MD, Rubio de Casas R, Bollongino R, Burger J, Fuller DQ, Bradley DG, Balding DJ, Richerson PJ, Gilbert MT, Larson G, Thomas MG. Storytelling and story testing in domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Apr 29;111(17):6159-64.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400425111pubmed: 24753572google scholar: lookup
                58. Kim MC, Lee SW, Ryu DY, Cui FJ, Bhak J, Kim Y. Identification and characterization of microRNAs in normal equine tissues by Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93662.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093662pubmed: 24695583google scholar: lookup
                59. Moray C, Lanfear R, Bromham L. Domestication and the mitochondrial genome: comparing patterns and rates of molecular evolution in domesticated mammals and birds and their wild relatives. Genome Biol Evol 2014 Jan;6(1):161-9.
                  doi: 10.1093/gbe/evu005pubmed: 24459286google scholar: lookup
                60. Devi KM, Ghosh SK. Molecular phylogeny of Indian horse breeds with special reference to Manipuri pony based on mitochondrial D-loop. Mol Biol Rep 2013 Oct;40(10):5861-7.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2692-2pubmed: 24068432google scholar: lookup
                61. Khanshour AM, Cothran EG. Maternal phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation among Arabian horse populations using whole mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequencing. BMC Genet 2013 Sep 13;14:83.
                  doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-83pubmed: 24034565google scholar: lookup
                62. Brandariz-Fontes C, Leonard JA, Vega-Pla JL, Backström N, Lindgren G, Lippold S, Rico C. Y-chromosome analysis in Retuertas horses. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e64985.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064985pubmed: 23741439google scholar: lookup
                63. Winton CL, Hegarty MJ, McMahon R, Slavov GT, McEwan NR, Davies-Morel MC, Morgan CM, Powell W, Nash DM. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of native mountain ponies of Britain and Ireland reveals a novel rare population. Ecol Evol 2013 Apr;3(4):934-47.
                  doi: 10.1002/ece3.507pubmed: 23610635google scholar: lookup
                64. Wallner B, Vogl C, Shukla P, Burgstaller JP, Druml T, Brem G. Identification of genetic variation on the horse y chromosome and the tracing of male founder lineages in modern breeds. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e60015.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060015pubmed: 23573227google scholar: lookup
                65. Yu G, Xiang H, Wang J, Zhao X. The phylogenetic status of typical Chinese native pigs: analyzed by Asian and European pig mitochondrial genome sequences. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013 Mar 8;4(1):9.
                  doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-9pubmed: 23497624google scholar: lookup
                66. Petersen JL, Mickelson JR, Cothran EG, Andersson LS, Axelsson J, Bailey E, Bannasch D, Binns MM, Borges AS, Brama P, da Câmara Machado A, Distl O, Felicetti M, Fox-Clipsham L, Graves KT, Guérin G, Haase B, Hasegawa T, Hemmann K, Hill EW, Leeb T, Lindgren G, Lohi H, Lopes MS, McGivney BA, Mikko S, Orr N, Penedo MC, Piercy RJ, Raekallio M, Rieder S, Røed KH, Silvestrelli M, Swinburne J, Tozaki T, Vaudin M, M Wade C, McCue ME. Genetic diversity in the modern horse illustrated from genome-wide SNP data. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e54997.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054997pubmed: 23383025google scholar: lookup
                67. Jin L, Zhang M, Ma J, Zhang J, Zhou C, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang AA, Chen L, Wang J, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Shuai S, Li R, Li M, Li X. Mitochondrial DNA evidence indicates the local origin of domestic pigs in the upstream region of the Yangtze River. PLoS One 2012;7(12):e51649.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051649pubmed: 23272130google scholar: lookup
                68. Jimenez LM, Mendez S, Dunner S, Cañón J, Cortés O. Colombian Creole horse breeds: Same origin but different diversity. Genet Mol Biol 2012 Dec;35(4):790-6.
                  doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572012005000064pubmed: 23271940google scholar: lookup
                69. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks BK, Li S, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov GV, Soyonov V, Manica A. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 May 22;109(21):8202-6.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111122109pubmed: 22566639google scholar: lookup
                70. Doan R, Cohen N, Harrington J, Veazey K, Juras R, Cothran G, McCue ME, Skow L, Dindot SV. Identification of copy number variants in horses. Genome Res 2012 May;22(5):899-907.
                  doi: 10.1101/gr.128991.111pubmed: 22383489google scholar: lookup
                71. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Soares P, Lancioni H, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Nergadze SG, Carossa V, Santagostino M, Capomaccio S, Felicetti M, Al-Achkar W, Penedo MC, Verini-Supplizi A, Houshmand M, Woodward SR, Semino O, Silvestrelli M, Giulotto E, Pereira L, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A. Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Feb 14;109(7):2449-54.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111637109pubmed: 22308342google scholar: lookup
                72. Lippold S, Matzke NJ, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M. Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication. BMC Evol Biol 2011 Nov 14;11:328.
                  doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-328pubmed: 22082251google scholar: lookup
                73. Lippold S, Knapp M, Kuznetsova T, Leonard JA, Benecke N, Ludwig A, Rasmussen M, Cooper A, Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Hofreiter M. Discovery of lost diversity of paternal horse lineages using ancient DNA. Nat Commun 2011 Aug 23;2:450.
                  doi: 10.1038/ncomms1447pubmed: 21863017google scholar: lookup
                74. Goto H, Ryder OA, Fisher AR, Schultz B, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Nekrutenko A, Makova KD. A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses. Genome Biol Evol 2011;3:1096-106.
                  doi: 10.1093/gbe/evr067pubmed: 21803766google scholar: lookup
                75. Bonfiglio S, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Negrini R, Colli L, Liotta L, Ajmone-Marsan P, Torroni A, Ferretti L. The enigmatic origin of bovine mtDNA haplogroup R: sporadic interbreeding or an independent event of Bos primigenius domestication in Italy?. PLoS One 2010 Dec 28;5(12):e15760.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015760pubmed: 21209945google scholar: lookup
                76. Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses. PLoS One 2010 Dec 20;5(12):e15311.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015311pubmed: 21187961google scholar: lookup
                77. Gurney SM, Schneider S, Pflugradt R, Barrett E, Forster AC, Brinkmann B, Jansen T, Forster P. Developing equine mtDNA profiling for forensic application. Int J Legal Med 2010 Nov;124(6):617-22.
                  doi: 10.1007/s00414-010-0506-9pubmed: 20830591google scholar: lookup
                78. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, Mulligan CJ. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proc Biol Sci 2011 Jan 7;278(1702):50-7.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708pubmed: 20667880google scholar: lookup
                79. Jiang Q, Wei Y, Huang Y, Jiang H, Guo Y, Lan G, Liao J. The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of the Debao pony (Equus caballus). Mol Biol Rep 2011 Jan;38(1):593-9.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11033-010-0145-8pubmed: 20390359google scholar: lookup
                80. Edwards CJ, Magee DA, Park SD, McGettigan PA, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Finlay EK, Shapiro B, Chamberlain AT, Richards MB, Bradley DG, Loftus BJ, MacHugh DE. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a mesolithic wild aurochs (Bos primigenius). PLoS One 2010 Feb 17;5(2):e9255.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009255pubmed: 20174668google scholar: lookup
                81. Orlando L, Metcalf JL, Alberdi MT, Telles-Antunes M, Bonjean D, Otte M, Martin F, Eisenmann V, Mashkour M, Morello F, Prado JL, Salas-Gismondi R, Shockey BJ, Wrinn PJ, Vasil'ev SK, Ovodov ND, Cherry MI, Hopwood B, Male D, Austin JJ, Hänni C, Cooper A. Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Dec 22;106(51):21754-9.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903672106pubmed: 20007379google scholar: lookup
                82. Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M, Leeb T, Mauceli E, MacLeod JN, Penedo MC, Raison JM, Sharpe T, Vogel J, Andersson L, Antczak DF, Biagi T, Binns MM, Chowdhary BP, Coleman SJ, Della Valle G, Fryc S, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Jurka J, Kiialainen A, Lindgren G, Liu J, Magnani E, Mickelson JR, Murray J, Nergadze SG, Onofrio R, Pedroni S, Piras MF, Raudsepp T, Rocchi M, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Searle S, Skow L, Swinburne JE, Syvänen AC, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, White JR, Zody MC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Science 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):865-7.
                  doi: 10.1126/science.1178158pubmed: 19892987google scholar: lookup
                83. Priskin K, Szabó K, Tömöry G, Bogácsi-Szabó E, Csányi B, Eördögh R, Downes CS, Raskó I. Mitochondrial sequence variation in ancient horses from the Carpathian Basin and possible modern relatives. Genetica 2010 Feb;138(2):211-8.
                  doi: 10.1007/s10709-009-9411-xpubmed: 19789983google scholar: lookup
                84. Depaulis F, Orlando L, Hänni C. Using classical population genetics tools with heterochroneous data: time matters!. PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5541.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005541pubmed: 19440242google scholar: lookup
                85. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaños P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas AS, Slatkin M, Hofreiter M. Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication. Science 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):485.
                  doi: 10.1126/science.1172750pubmed: 19390039google scholar: lookup
                86. Albert FW, Carlborg O, Plyusnina I, Besnier F, Hedwig D, Lautenschläger S, Lorenz D, McIntosh J, Neumann C, Richter H, Zeising C, Kozhemyakina R, Shchepina O, Kratzsch J, Trut L, Teupser D, Thiery J, Schöneberg T, Andersson L, Pääbo S. Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication. Genetics 2009 Jun;182(2):541-54.
                  doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.102186pubmed: 19363126google scholar: lookup
                87. Richard GF, Kerrest A, Dujon B. Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008 Dec;72(4):686-727.
                  doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00011-08pubmed: 19052325google scholar: lookup
                88. Oumar I, Mariac C, Pham JL, Vigouroux Y. Phylogeny and origin of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br) as revealed by microsatellite loci. Theor Appl Genet 2008 Aug;117(4):489-97.
                  doi: 10.1007/s00122-008-0793-4pubmed: 18504539google scholar: lookup
                89. Røed KH, Flagstad O, Nieminen M, Holand O, Dwyer MJ, Røv N, Vilà C. Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer. Proc Biol Sci 2008 Aug 22;275(1645):1849-55.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0332pubmed: 18460427google scholar: lookup
                90. Wu GS, Yao YG, Qu KX, Ding ZL, Li H, Palanichamy MG, Duan ZY, Li N, Chen YS, Zhang YP. Population phylogenomic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in wild boars and domestic pigs revealed multiple domestication events in East Asia. Genome Biol 2007;8(11):R245.
                  doi: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-11-r245pubmed: 18021448google scholar: lookup
                91. Iwańczyk E, Juras R, Cholewiński G, Cothran EG. Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of the Polish Heavy horse. J Appl Genet 2006;47(4):353-9.
                  doi: 10.1007/BF03194645pubmed: 17132900google scholar: lookup
                92. Götherström A, Anderung C, Hellborg L, Elburg R, Smith C, Bradley DG, Ellegren H. Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurochs bulls in Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2005 Nov 22;272(1579):2345-50.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3243pubmed: 16243693google scholar: lookup
                93. Sundqvist AK, Björnerfeldt S, Leonard JA, Hailer F, Hedhammar A, Ellegren H, Vilà C. Unequal contribution of sexes in the origin of dog breeds. Genetics 2006 Feb;172(2):1121-8.
                  doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.042358pubmed: 16219789google scholar: lookup
                94. Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Sher A, Tong W, Ho SY, Rubenstein D, Storer J, Burns J, Martin L, Bravi C, Prieto A, Froese D, Scott E, Xulong L, Cooper A. Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of pleistocene horses in the new world: a molecular perspective. PLoS Biol 2005 Aug;3(8):e241.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241pubmed: 15974804google scholar: lookup
                95. Willerslev E, Cooper A. Ancient DNA. Proc Biol Sci 2005 Jan 7;272(1558):3-16.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2813pubmed: 15875564google scholar: lookup
                96. Cavalieri D, McGovern PE, Hartl DL, Mortimer R, Polsinelli M. Evidence for S. cerevisiae fermentation in ancient wine. J Mol Evol 2003;57 Suppl 1:S226-32.
                  doi: 10.1007/s00239-003-0031-2pubmed: 15008419google scholar: lookup
                97. Orlando L, Eisenmann V, Reynier F, Sondaar P, Hänni C. Morphological convergence in Hippidion and Equus (Amerhippus) South American equids elucidated by ancient DNA analysis. J Mol Evol 2003;57 Suppl 1:S29-40.
                  doi: 10.1007/s00239-003-0005-4pubmed: 15008401google scholar: lookup
                98. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10905-10.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.152330099pubmed: 12130666google scholar: lookup
                99. Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A. Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies. Proc Biol Sci 2002 May 7;269(1494):893-904.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1975pubmed: 12028771google scholar: lookup
                100. Matsuoka Y, Vigouroux Y, Goodman MM, Sanchez G J, Buckler E, Doebley J. A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Apr 30;99(9):6080-4.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.052125199pubmed: 11983901google scholar: lookup
                101. Kadwell M, Fernandez M, Stanley HF, Baldi R, Wheeler JC, Rosadio R, Bruford MW. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proc Biol Sci 2001 Dec 22;268(1485):2575-84.
                  doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1774pubmed: 11749713google scholar: lookup
                102. MacHugh DE, Bradley DG. Livestock genetic origins: goats buck the trend. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 May 8;98(10):5382-4.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.111163198pubmed: 11344280google scholar: lookup
                103. Agbani A, Aminou O, Machmoum M, Germot A, Badaoui B, Petit D, Piro M. A Systematic Literature Review of Mitochondrial DNA Analysis for Horse Genetic Diversity. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 20;15(6).
                  doi: 10.3390/ani15060885pubmed: 40150414google scholar: lookup
                104. Kapsetaki SE, Basile AJ, Compton ZT, Rupp SM, Duke EG, Boddy AM, Harrison TM, Sweazea KL, Maley CC. The relationship between diet, plasma glucose, and cancer prevalence across vertebrates. Nat Commun 2025 Mar 12;16(1):2271.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-57344-1pubmed: 40074744google scholar: lookup
                105. Du W, Sun Q, Hu S, Yu P, Kan S, Zhang W. Equus mitochondrial pangenome reveals independent domestication imprints in donkeys and horses. Sci Rep 2025 Feb 25;15(1):6803.
                  doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91564-1pubmed: 40000832google scholar: lookup
                106. Desai S, Singh PP, Pandey RK, Mishra RK, Chaubey AK, Kumar A, Tiwary SK, Gupta SK, Achilli A, Rambaldi Migliore N, Chaubey G. Multiple Domestication Centers of the Indian Pig Population. Genome Biol Evol 2025 Mar 6;17(3).
                  doi: 10.1093/gbe/evaf030pubmed: 39995237google scholar: lookup
                107. Ahlawat S, Sharma U, Niranjan SK, Chhabra P, Arora R, Sharma R, Singh KV, Vijh RK, Mehta SC. Unraveling the maternal heritage: identifying the complex origins of indigenous Indian horse and pony breeds through mitochondrial genome analysis. Mamm Genome 2025 Mar;36(1):118-128.
                  doi: 10.1007/s00335-024-10089-6pubmed: 39630294google scholar: lookup
                108. Zhu S, Zhang N, Zhang J, Shao X, Guo Y, Cai D. Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Provide New Clues in the History of the Akhal-Teke Horse in China. Genes (Basel) 2024 Jun 15;15(6).
                  doi: 10.3390/genes15060790pubmed: 38927726google scholar: lookup
                109. Thompson MA, McCann BE, Rhen T, Simmons R. Population genomics provide insight into ancestral relationships and diversity of the feral horses of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Ecol Evol 2024 Apr;14(4):e11197.
                  doi: 10.1002/ece3.11197pubmed: 38571790google scholar: lookup
                110. Orazymbetova Z, Ualiyeva D, Dossybayev K, Torekhanov A, Sydykov D, Mussayeva A, Baktybayev G. Genetic Diversity of Kazakhstani Equus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758) Horse Breeds Inferred from Microsatellite Markers. Vet Sci 2023 Sep 30;10(10).
                  doi: 10.3390/vetsci10100598pubmed: 37888550google scholar: lookup
                111. Machmoum M, Badaoui B, Petit D, Germot A, El Alaoui MA, Boujenane I, Piro M. Genetic Diversity and Maternal Phylogenetic Relationships among Populations and Strains of Arabian Show Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jun 17;13(12).
                  doi: 10.3390/ani13122021pubmed: 37370531google scholar: lookup
                Subscribe to our newsletter
                Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.