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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis / Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review.
Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)2020; 20(7); 484-495; doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2541

Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review.

Abstract: Worldwide, horses play critical roles in recreation, food production, transportation, and as working animals. Horses' roles differ by geographical region and the socioeconomic status of the people, but despite modern advances in transportation, which have in some ways altered humans contact with horses, potential risks for equine zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans occur globally. While previous reports have focused upon individual or groups of equine pathogens, to our knowledge, a systematic review of equine zoonoses has never been performed. Using PRISMA's systematic review guidelines, we searched the English literature and identified 233 previous reports of potential equine zoonoses found in horses. We studied and summarized their findings with a goal of identifying risk factors that favor disease transmission from horses to humans. These previous reports identified 56 zoonotic pathogens that have been found in horses. Of the 233 articles, 13 involved direct transmission to humans (5.6%).The main potential routes of transmission included oral, inhalation, and cutaneous exposures. Pathogens most often manifest in humans through systemic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs and symptoms. Furthermore, 16.1% were classified as emerging infectious diseases and thus may be less known to both the equine and human medical community. Sometimes, these infections were severe leading to human and equine death. While case reports of zoonotic infections directly from horses remain low, there is a high potential for underreporting due to lack of knowledge among health professionals. Awareness of these zoonotic pathogens, their disease presentation in horses and humans, and their associated risk factors for cross-species infection are important to public health officials, clinicians, and people with recreational or occupational equid exposure.
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Publication Date: 2020-02-20 PubMed ID: 32077811PubMed Central: PMC7339018DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2541Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Systematic Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents a comprehensive review of zoonotic diseases, or diseases that can be passed from horses to humans globally. Among the examined literature, it was found that there are 56 types of these diseases. The study also highlights potential risk factors and transmission routes to support awareness and preventive efforts in both human and veterinary medicine.

Methodology

  • The research team conducted a systematic review, a type of study that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise all the relevant research on a specific topic. They followed the PRISMA’s (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) review guidelines.
  • Their search focused specifically on English literature connected to zoonotic infections originating from horses.
  • The team identified and analyzed 233 articles detailing potential equine zoonoses or zoonotic diseases found in horses.
  • The goal of the review was to identify risk factors that favor disease transmission from horses to humans.

Findings

  • Of the identified literature, 56 zoonotic pathogens found in horses were highlighted. These are microorganisms that can cause disease when transmitted from an animal to a human.
  • Interestingly, only 5.6% of the studied articles involved direct transmission to humans, indicating that direct zoonotic transmission from horses to humans is not common.
  • The research identified the main potential routes of transmission from horses to humans through oral, inhalation, and cutaneous exposures
  • It was also noted that these pathogens often present in humans through systemic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs and symptoms.
  • Around 16.1% of the identified zoonotic pathogens were emerging infectious diseases, meaning that they are new or recently identified diseases that might be less known to the medical community.
  • The severity of these infections varied, with some instances leading to severe human and equine illness and death.

Implications and Conclusions

  • Although direct zoonotic infections from horses to humans are reported to be low, the researchers indicate a potential for underreporting due to lack of knowledge among health professionals.
  • The study underlines the importance of public health officials, clinicians, and individuals with recreational or occupational equine exposure being aware of these zoonotic pathogens, how they present in horses and humans and their associated risk factors for cross-species infection. This is crucial since recognition, prevention, and control of these diseases require a collaborative effort from both human and veterinary health professionals.

Cite This Article

APA
Sack A, Oladunni FS, Gonchigoo B, Chambers TM, Gray GC. (2020). Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 20(7), 484-495. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2019.2541

Publication

Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)
ISSN: 1557-7759
NlmUniqueID: 100965525
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 7
Pages: 484-495

Researcher Affiliations

Sack, Alexandra
  • Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  • Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Oladunni, Fatai S
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Gonchigoo, Battsetseg
  • Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Chambers, Thomas M
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Gray, Gregory C
  • Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  • Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
  • Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bacterial Infections / microbiology
  • Bacterial Infections / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal / parasitology
  • Virus Diseases / veterinary
  • Virus Diseases / virology
  • Zoonoses

Grant Funding

  • D43 TW009373 / FIC NIH HHS
  • TL1 TR002546 / NCATS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

No conflicting financial interests exist.

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