Drug testing and analysis.
Periodical
Chemistry Techniques
Analytical
Pharmacology
Drug Evaluation
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Publisher:
John Wiley & Sons
Frequency: Bimonthly (twelve no. per year)
Country: England
Language: English
Start Year:2009 -
ISSN:
1942-7603 (Print)
1942-7611 (Electronic)
1942-7603 (Linking)
1942-7611 (Electronic)
1942-7603 (Linking)
Impact Factor
5.7
2023
| NLM ID: | 101483449 |
| (OCoLC): | 231680670 |
| LCCN: | 2008213114 |
| Classification: | W1 DR608S |
Identification of etamiphylline and metabolites in equine plasma and urine by accurate mass and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Drug testing and analysis
June 22, 2010
Volume 2, Issue 6 271-277 doi: 10.1002/dta.133
Wieder ME, Brown PR, Grainger L, Teale P.Etamiphylline camsylate (Millophylline V) was administered intravenously to two horses at a dose of 2.8 mg/kg. Urine and blood samples were taken up to 32 h post administration. Unhydrolyzed plasma and urine was extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). The identity of the parent drug and metabolites was confirmed using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer and accurate mass analysis on an orbitrap mass spectrometer. Desethyletamiphylline (molecular weight 251) was the main metabolite observed in the urine and plasma samples and resulted from the N-deethylation of etamiphylline. The second m... Determination of (13)C/(12)C ratios of urinary excreted boldenone and its main metabolite 5beta-androst-1-en-17beta-ol-3-one.
Drug testing and analysis
May 15, 2010
Volume 2, Issue 5 217-224 doi: 10.1002/dta.124
Piper T, Geyer H, Gougoulidis V, Flenker U, Schänzer W.Boldenone (androsta-1,4-dien-17beta-ol-3-one, Bo) is an anabolic steroid known to have been used in cattle breeding or equine sport as a doping agent for many years. Although not clinically approved for human application, Bo or its main metabolite 5beta-androst-1-en-17beta-ol-3-one (BM1) were detected in several doping control samples. For more than 15 years the possibility of endogenous Bo production in human beings has been discussed. This is a challenging issue for doping control laboratories as Bo belongs to the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency and therefore th... Direct injection horse-urine analysis for the quantification and confirmation of threshold substances for doping control. IV. Determination of 3-methoxytyramine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Drug testing and analysis
April 1, 2010
Volume 1, Issue 8 365-371 doi: 10.1002/dta.70
Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C.Levodopa and dopamine have been abused as performance-altering substances in horse racing. Urinary 3-methoxytyramine is used as an indicator of dopaminergic manipulation resulting from dopamine or levodopa administration and is prohibited with a urinary threshold of 4 microg mL(-1) (free and conjugated). A simple liquid chromatographic (LC)/mass spectrometric (MS) (LCMS) method was developed and validated for the quantification and identification of 3-methoxytyramine in equine urine. Sample preparation involved enzymatic hydrolysis and protein precipitation. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chro... Pharmacokinetics and effects on arachidonic acid metabolism of low doses of cannabidiol following oral administration to horses.
Drug testing and analysis
March 31, 2021
Volume 13, Issue 7 1305-1317 doi: 10.1002/dta.3028
Ryan D, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Puschner B, Knych HK.The increasing availability of cannabidiol (CBD) and anecdotal reports of its anti-inflammatory effects has garnered it much interest in the equine industry. The objectives of the current study were to (1) describe the pharmacokinetics of oral CBD in exercising thoroughbreds, (2) characterize select behavioral and physiologic effects, and (3) evaluate effects on biomarkers of inflammation using an ex vivo model. This study was conducted in a randomized balanced 3-way crossover design with a two-week washout period between doses. Horses received a single oral dose (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of CBD... Read More
21
Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing.
Drug testing and analysis
May 30, 2017
Volume 9, Issue 9 1456-1471 doi: 10.1002/dta.2198
Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N.A horse's success on the racetrack is determined by genetics, training and nutrition, and their translation into physical traits such as speed, endurance and muscle strength. Advances in genetic technologies are slowly explaining the roles of specific genes in equine performance, and offering new insights into the development of novel therapies for diseases and musculoskeletal injuries that cause early retirement of many racehorses. Gene therapy approaches may also soon provide new means to artificially enhance the physical performance of racehorses. Gene doping, the misuse of gene therapies f... Read More
17
Drug metabolism in the horse: a review.
Drug testing and analysis
October 22, 2010
Volume 3, Issue 1 19-53 doi: 10.1002/dta.174
Scarth JP, Teale P, Kuuranne T.A detailed understanding of equine drug metabolism is important for detection of drug abuse in horseracing and also in veterinary drug development and practice. To date, however, no comprehensive review of equine drug metabolism has been published. The majority of literature regarding equine drug metabolite profiles is derived from sports drug detection research and is generally targeted at detecting marker metabolites of drug abuse. However, the bulk of the literature on equine drug metabolism enzymology is derived from veterinary studies aimed at determining the molecular basis of metabolism... Detection of intra-articular gene therapy in horses using quantitative real time PCR in synovial fluid and plasma.
Drug testing and analysis
March 16, 2020
Volume 12, Issue 6 743-751 doi: 10.1002/dta.2785
Haughan J, Jiang Z, Stefanovski D, Moss KL, Ortved KF, Robinson MA.Gene therapy promotes the expression of missing or defective genes and can be curative following administration of a single dose. Gene therapy is prohibited in equine athletes by regulatory bodies due to the high potential for abuse and novel analytical methods are needed for detection. The goal of this study was to detect the administration of an experimental gene therapy: a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) carrying a transgene for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (rAAV-IL10). Twelve horses were randomly assigned to receive an intra-articular injection of rAAV-IL10 or phos... Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping.
Drug testing and analysis
April 5, 2017
Volume 9, Issue 9 1291-1303 doi: 10.1002/dta.2162
Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M.The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometri... A duplex qPCR assay for human erythropoietin (EPO) transgene to control gene doping in horses.
Drug testing and analysis
October 14, 2020
Volume 13, Issue 1 113-121 doi: 10.1002/dta.2907
Cheung HW, Wong KS, Lin VYC, Wan TSM, Ho ENM.The misuse of genetic manipulation technology to enhance athletic performance is termed gene doping which is prohibited in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian sports. Although many qPCR assays have been developed, most assays employ genomic DNA (gDNA) from humans, non-human primates, and mice as a background and they may not be applicable for testing horse samples. This study aimed to develop a qPCR assay for the detection of human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgene in horse blood cells where the viral vectors used in gene therapy can reside for months. For the detection of hEPO transgene, ... Intelligence-based anti-doping from an equine biological passport.
Drug testing and analysis
April 17, 2017
Volume 9, Issue 9 1441-1447 doi: 10.1002/dta.2180
Cawley AT, Keledjian J.The move towards personalized medicine derived from individually focused clinical chemistry measurements has been translated by the human anti-doping movement over the past decade into developing the athlete biological passport. There is considerable potential for animal sports to adapt this model to facilitate an intelligence-based anti-doping system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Controlling the misuse of cobalt in horses.
Drug testing and analysis
September 25, 2014
Volume 7, Issue 1 21-30 doi: 10.1002/dta.1719
Ho EN, Chan GH, Wan TS, Curl P, Riggs CM, Hurley MJ, Sykes D.Cobalt is a well-established inducer of hypoxia-like responses, which can cause gene modulation at the hypoxia inducible factor pathway to induce erythropoietin transcription. Cobalt salts are orally active, inexpensive, and easily accessible. It is an attractive blood doping agent for enhancing aerobic performance. Indeed, recent intelligence and investigations have confirmed cobalt was being abused in equine sports. In this paper, population surveys of total cobalt in raceday samples were conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urinary threshold of 75 ng/mL a... A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports.
Drug testing and analysis
November 18, 2016
Volume 9, Issue 9 1304-1319 doi: 10.1002/dta.2112
Waller CC, McLeod MD.In recent years, the potential for anabolic steroid abuse in equine sports has increased due to the growing availability of designer steroids. These compounds are readily accessible online in 'dietary' or 'nutritional' supplements and contain steroidal compounds which have never been tested or approved as veterinary agents. They typically have unusual structures or substitution and as a result may pass undetected through current anti-doping screening protocols, making them a significant concern for the integrity of the industry. Despite considerable focus in human sports, until recently there ... Phenylbutazone blood and urine concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and effects on biomarkers of inflammation in horses following intravenous and oral administration of clinical doses.
Drug testing and analysis
December 27, 2018
Volume 11, Issue 6 792-803 doi: 10.1002/dta.2553
Knych HK, Arthur RM, McKemie DS, Seminoff K, Hamamoto-Hardman B, Kass PH.Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is a potent mon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used commonly in performance horses. The objectives of the current study were to describe blood and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics of PBZ and its metabolites following intravenous (IV) and oral administration and to describe the duration of pharmacodynamic effect. To that end, 17 horses received an IV administration and 18 horses an oral administration of 2 g of PBZ. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 96 hours post drug administration. Whole blood samples were collected at various t... Biomarker ratios.
Drug testing and analysis
March 20, 2022
Volume 14, Issue 5 983-990 doi: 10.1002/dta.3250
Cawley A, Keen B, Tou K, Elbourne M, Keledjian J.The concept of biomarker measurements in the form of a ratio has not been explored in detail. This is surprising considering the current and future potential for biomarkers incorporating endogenous reference compounds (ERCs) in a range of fields. A selection of these relating to clinical and forensic applications, human antidoping, equine antidoping and veterinary residues are discussed. The use of in vitro technologies coupled with high resolution accurate mass LC-MS for studying drug metabolism in equine drug surveillance.
Drug testing and analysis
September 30, 2010
Volume 2, Issue 1 1-10 doi: 10.1002/dta.88
Scarth JP, Spencer HA, Timbers SE, Hudson SC, Hillyer LL.The detection of drug abuse in horseracing often requires knowledge of drug metabolism, especially if urine is the matrix of choice. In this study, equine liver/lung microsomes/S9 tissue fractions were used to study the phase I metabolism of eight drugs of relevance to equine drug surveillance (acepromazine, azaperone, celecoxib, fentanyl, fluphenazine, mepivacaine, methylphenidate and tripelennamine). In vitro samples were analyzed qualitatively alongside samples originating from in vivo administrations using LC-MS on a high resolution accurate mass Thermo Orbitrap Discovery instrument and by... Optimization and implementation of four duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for gene doping control in horseracing.
Drug testing and analysis
June 6, 2022
Volume 14, Issue 9 1587-1598 doi: 10.1002/dta.3328
Cheung HW, Wong KS, Lin VYC, Farrington AF, Bond AJ, Wan TSM, Ho ENM.The concern about gene doping has remained high in horseracing and other equestrian competitions. Our laboratory has previously developed a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay capable of detecting in equine blood the human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgene and equine tubulin α 4a (TUBA4A) gene as an internal control the latter providing quality control over DNA extraction and qPCR. This study aimed to optimize the method for routine testing of regulatory samples. The use of an automated DNA extraction system has increased the sample throughput, consistency of DNA extracti... A multiplex qPCR assay for transgenes detection: A novel approach for gene doping control in horseracing using conventional laboratory setup.
Drug testing and analysis
April 19, 2023
Volume 15, Issue 8 879-888 doi: 10.1002/dta.3483
Wong KS, Cheung HW, Szeto CWL, Tsang CYN, Wan TSM, Ho ENM.Illicit administration of transgene into horses is a form of gene doping that has been a key concern in equine sports. The large number of potential performance-enhancing transgenes has demanded a cost-effective and reliable detection method. Multiplex qPCR is a relevant technique, but the cross-talking between fluorophores and high background noise limits the method sensitivity and specificity. This study reports a simpler multiplexing approach by using the same fluorophore for four hydrolysis probes each targeting one of the four transgenes: human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1... Robustness of digital PCR and real-time PCR against inhibitors in transgene detection for gene doping control in equestrian sports.
Drug testing and analysis
July 21, 2021
Volume 13, Issue 10 1768-1775 doi: 10.1002/dta.3131
Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI.Gene doping is a threat to fair competition in sports, both human and equestrian. One method of gene doping is to administer exogenous genetic materials, called transgenes, into the bodies of postnatal humans and horses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based transgene detection methods such as digital PCR and real-time PCR have been developed for gene doping testing in humans and horses. However, the significance of PCR inhibitors in gene doping testing has not been well evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PCR inhibitors on transgene detection using digital PCR and real-time ... Ionized magnesium and calcium concentration and their ratio in equine plasma samples as determined by a regulatory laboratory compared to a clinical reference laboratory.
Drug testing and analysis
October 23, 2018
Volume 11, Issue 3 455-460 doi: 10.1002/dta.2509
Schumacher SA, Yardley J, Bertone AL.Magnesium sulfate (MgSO ) was administered to calm competition horses. We evaluated the impact of regulatory requirements for the handling of blood samples on plasma ionized magnesium (iMg), ionized calcium (iCa), the iMg to iCa ratio, and pH. We hypothesized that iCa, iMg. and iMg/iCa would be similar among storage and collection methods. Four blood samples were collected from each of 50 horses on the same day: Group 1 - collection in a heparinized syringe and processed within hours in a clinical laboratory; Group 2 - collection into a plasma separator tube (PST) centrifuged just prior to ana... Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of cobalt following a single intravenous administration to horses.
Drug testing and analysis
October 18, 2014
Volume 7, Issue 7 619-625 doi: 10.1002/dta.1737
Knych HK, Arthur RM, Mitchell MM, Holser I, Poppenga R, Smith LL, Helm MN, Sams RA, Gaskill CL.Cobalt has been used by human athletes due to its purported performance-enhancing effects. It has been suggested that cobalt administration results in enhanced erythropoiesis, secondary to increased circulating erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations leading to improvements in athletic performance. Anecdotal reports of illicit administration of cobalt to horses for its suspected performance enhancing effects have led us to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of this compound when administered in horses, so as to better regulate its use. In the current study, 18 horses were... miRNAs detection in equine plasma by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for doping control: Assessment of blood sampling and study of eca-miR-144 as potential erythropoiesis stimulating agent biomarker.
Drug testing and analysis
May 3, 2021
Volume 14, Issue 5 953-962 doi: 10.1002/dta.3047
Loup B, André F, Avignon J, Lhuaire M, Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L.Short half-life doping substances are, quickly eliminated and therefore difficult to control with traditional analytical chemistry methods. Indirect methods targeting biomarkers constitute an alternative to extend detection time frames in doping control analyses. Gene expression analysis (i.e., transcriptomics) has already shown interesting results in both humans and equines for erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (GH), and anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) misuses. In humans, circulating cell-free microRNAs in plasma were described as new potential biomarkers for control of major doping agen... Metabolomics in clinical and forensic toxicology, sports anti-doping and veterinary residues.
Drug testing and analysis
March 8, 2022
Volume 14, Issue 5 794-807 doi: 10.1002/dta.3245
Keen B, Cawley A, Reedy B, Fu S.Metabolomics is a multidisciplinary field providing workflows for complementary approaches to conventional analytical determinations. It allows for the study of metabolically related groups of compounds or even the study of novel pathways within the biological system. The procedural stages of metabolomics; experimental design, sample preparation, analytical determinations, data processing and statistical analysis, compound identification and validation strategies are explored in this review. The selected approach will depend on the type of study being conducted. Experimental design influences ... A high-throughput LC-MS/MS screen for GHRP in equine and human urine, featuring peptide derivatization for improved chromatography.
Drug testing and analysis
February 24, 2014
Volume 6, Issue 10 985-995 doi: 10.1002/dta.1624
Timms M, Hall N, Levina V, Vine J, Steel R.The growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) hexarelin, ipamorelin, alexamorelin, GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-4, GHRP-5, and GHRP-6 are all synthetic met-enkephalin analogues that include unnatural D-amino acids. They were designed specifically for their ability to stimulate growth hormone release and may serve as performance enhancing drugs. To regulate the use of these peptides within the horse racing industry and by human athletes, a method is presented for the extraction, derivatization, and detection of GHRPs from equine and human urine. This method takes advantage of a highly specific solid-ph... A quantitative PCR screening method for adeno-associated viral vector 2-mediated gene doping.
Drug testing and analysis
September 3, 2021
Volume 14, Issue 5 963-972 doi: 10.1002/dta.3152
Jiang Z, Haughan J, Moss KL, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF, Robinson MA.Gene therapy is currently prohibited in human and equine athletes and novel analytical methods are needed for its detection. Most in vivo products use non-integrating, recombinant viral vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver transgenes into cells, where they are transcribed and translated into functional proteins. Although the majority of wild-type AAV (WTAAV) DNA is removed from recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors, some sequences are conserved. The goal of this study was to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) screening test targeting conserved AAV sequence... Serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, and effects of dexamethasone on inflammatory mediators following intravenous and oral administration to exercised horses.
Drug testing and analysis
June 22, 2020
Volume 12, Issue 8 1087-1101 doi: 10.1002/dta.2862
Knych HK, Weiner D, Arthur RM, Baden R, McKemie DS, Kass PH.Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs and as such are commonly administered to performance and racehorses. The objectives of the current study were to describe blood and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics and effects on cortisol and inflammatory mediator concentrations, following intravenous and oral administration to 12 exercised horses. Horses received an intravenous administration of 40 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and 20 mg of dexamethasone tablets with a 4 week washout in between administrations. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to... Why the racing industry and equestrian disciplines need to implement population pharmacokinetics: To learn, explain, summarize, harmonize, and individualize.
Drug testing and analysis
April 29, 2024
doi: 10.1002/dta.3706
Toutain PL.Population pharmacokinetics (POP PK) is a powerful pharmacokinetic tool, which measures quantitatively, and explains the variability in drug exposure and drug effect between individuals. POP PK uses an observational (nonexperimental) approach; it is conducted in the target population living in its normal environment (e.g., farm and race-track). The strength of the POP PK approach lies in its greater relevance for the population studied in its different natural environments than experimental studies carried out in more or less biased laboratory conditions. In clinical settings, it is commonly n... Identification of Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer roxadustat and its possible metabolites in thoroughbred horses for doping control.
Drug testing and analysis
February 23, 2021
Volume 13, Issue 6 1203-1215 doi: 10.1002/dta.3014
Mathew B, Philip M, Perwad Z, Karatt TK, Caveney MR, Subhahar MB, Karakka Kal AK.Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer belongs to a novel class of pharmacologically active substances, which are capable of inducing the endogenous erythropoietic system. The transcriptional activator HIF has been shown to significantly increase blood hemoglobin and is well set for the treatment of anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease. This research work reports a comprehensive study of the most popular HIF stabilizer roxadustat and its metabolites in thoroughbred horse urine after oral administration. The plausible structures of the detected metabolites were postulated using liqui... Control of methylxanthines in the competition horse: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies on caffeine, theobromine and theophylline for the assessment of irrelevant concentrations.
Drug testing and analysis
November 4, 2016
Volume 9, Issue 9 1372-1384 doi: 10.1002/dta.2097
Machnik M, Kaiser S, Koppe S, Kietzmann M, Schenk I, Düe M, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Toutain PL.Methylxanthines positives in competition samples have challenged doping control laboratories and racing jurisdictions since methylxanthines are naturally occurring prohibited substances and often constituents of feed. For theobromine, an international threshold (renamed in International Residue Limit, IRL) of 2 µg/mL in urine has been established. On the basis of the data presented herein, a threshold or rather an IRL for theobromine in plasma of 0.3 µg/mL was proposed and was thereupon approved by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). Official recommendations f... Monitoring the endogenous steroid profile disruption in urine and blood upon nandrolone administration: An efficient and innovative strategy to screen for nandrolone abuse in entire male horses.
Drug testing and analysis
August 15, 2013
Volume 6, Issue 4 376-388 doi: 10.1002/dta.1520
Kaabia Z, Dervilly-Pinel G, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Plou P, Bonnaire Y, Le Bizec B.Nandrolone (17β-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one) is amongst the most misused endogenous steroid hormones in entire male horses. The detection of such a substance is challenging with regard to its endogenous presence. The current international threshold level for nandrolone misuse is based on the urinary concentration ratio of 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol (EAD) to 5(10)-estrene-3β,17α-diol (EED). This ratio, however, can be influenced by a number of factors due to existing intra- and inter-variability standing, respectively, for the variation occurring in endogenous steroids concentration levels in a si... Two complementary methods to control gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccination (Improvac®) misuse in horseracing: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test in plasma and steroidomics in urine.
Drug testing and analysis
June 2, 2017
Volume 9, Issue 9 1432-1440 doi: 10.1002/dta.2187
Bailly-Chouriberry L, Loup B, Popot MA, Dreau ML, Garcia P, Bruyas JF, Bonnaire Y.Since the availability on the European market of the vaccine Improvac® dedicated to male pig immunological castration, the risk of misuse of this product in horses is now considered as a threat for the horseracing industry. Immunological castration is not allowed by the racing codes (immune system, Article 6). Indeed, this vaccination against the hypothalamic hormone luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) will prevent the release from the anterior pituitary of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, which are required for the development a... Direct sequence confirmation of qPCR products for gene doping assay validation in horses.
Drug testing and analysis
January 20, 2022
Volume 14, Issue 6 1017-1025 doi: 10.1002/dta.3219
Maniego J, Pesko B, Hincks P, Taylor P, Stewart G, Proudman C, Scarth J, Ryder E.The misuse of gene therapy by the introduction of transgenes via plasmid or viral vectors as a doping agent is an increasing concern in human and animal sports, not only in consideration to fair competition but also in potential detrimental effects to welfare. Doping events can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a transgene-specific region of DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is particularly suited to confirmatory investigations where precise limits of detection can be calculated. To fully validate a qPCR experiment, it is highly desirable to confirm the ident... Low-copy transgene detection using nested digital polymerase chain reaction for gene-doping control.
Drug testing and analysis
October 18, 2021
Volume 14, Issue 2 382-387 doi: 10.1002/dta.3173
Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Hamilton NA, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI.Gene doping is prohibited for fair competition in human and horse sports. One style of gene doping is the administration of an exogeneous gene, called a transgene, to postnatal humans and horses. Although many transgene detection methods based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including real-time PCR and digital PCR, have been recently developed, it remains difficult to reliably detect low-copy transgenes. In this study, we developed and validated a nested digital PCR method to specifically detect low-copy transgenes. The nested digital PCR consists of (1) preamplification using... Detection of bioactive peptides including gonadotrophin-releasing factors (GnRHs) in horse urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS).
Drug testing and analysis
July 17, 2020
Volume 12, Issue 9 1274-1286 doi: 10.1002/dta.2880
Kwok KY, Choi TLS, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Leung EMK, Leung GNW, Wong JKY, Wan TSM, Adrian FF, Prabhu A, Ho ENM.The use of bioactive peptides as a doping agent in both human and animal sports has become increasingly popular in recent years. As such, methods to control the misuse of bioactive peptides in equine sports have received attention. This paper describes a sensitive accurate mass method for the detection of 40 bioactive peptides and two non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues (< 2 kDa) at low pg/mL levels in horse urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS). A simple mixed-mode cation exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was...