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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
Publisher:
[American Veterinary Medical Association,. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association (1975)
Frequency: Semimonthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1915 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0003-1488 (Print) 1943-569X (Electronic) 0003-1488 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 7503067 |
| (OCoLC): | 01084791 |
| (DNLM): | J12340000(s) |
| Coden: | JAVMA4 |
| LCCN: | 16022549 |
| Classification: | W1 JO911J |
Fetal maceration and retention of fetal bones in a mare. A 19-year-old Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of bloody vaginal discharge that was apparent immediately following breeding. On transrectal ultrasonography, it was evident that the uterus was filled with fluid containing echogenic particles; linear hyperechoic structures were also visible. Endoscopy was performed, which revealed a number of bones adhered to the cranial wall and floor of the right uterine horn as well as purulent fluid in both uterine horns. Bacterial endometritis and fetal maceration were diagnosed. The mare was treated with antibiotics, and the fetal bones were manual...
Effect of a static magnetic field on blood flow to the metacarpus in horses. To determine the effect of a static magnetic field on relative blood flow to the metacarpus of horses. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Red blood cells were radiolabeled in vivo by administration of technetium Tc 99m (pyro- and trimeta-) phosphates, and scintigraphic images were obtained 30 minutes later. A magnetic wrap that emitted a static magnetic field was applied to 1 metacarpus and a control wrap was applied to the contralateral metacarpus. Forty-eight hours later, the wraps were removed, and scintigraphy was repeated. Relative per...
Comparison of four drug combinations for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. To evaluate anesthetic effects of 4 drug combinations used for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. Methods: Clinical trial. Methods: 32 healthy cryptorchid horses. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine and butorphanol and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam and maintenance with bolus administration of ketamine and xylazine (KD/KX); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with bolus administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and detomidine (TKD); induction and maintenance o...
Pseudallescheria boydii infection of the nasal cavity of a horse. An 18-year-old 454-kg (1,000-lb) American Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated because of chronic intermittent malodorous right-sided nasal discharge. Endoscopy revealed a mycotic plaque in the nasal cavity adjacent to the nasomaxillary opening of the right caudal maxillary sinus. The nasomaxillary opening appeared to be larger than normal. Fungal culture of specimens of the mycotic plaque yielded Pseudallescheria boydii. The horse was treated with 2% miconazole intranasally, sodium iodide i.v., and potassium iodide p.o. Thirty and 60 days after treatment was initiated, the nasal cavity was fou...
Osteolytic lesions of the tuber calcanei in two horses. Two adult horses were evaluated for chronic hind limb lameness. Nonseptic calcanean bursitis with associated focal osteolytic lesions at the point of insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon was diagnosed in each horse by physical and lameness examinations, radiography, ultrasonography, and synovial fluid analysis. Both horses underwent arthroscopic exploration and lavage of the affected bursa, and one horse also underwent surgical debridement of the osseous lesion. Both horses remained lame for 13 months after the surgical procedures. To our knowledge, osseous lesions of the calcaneus in horses ...
Pulmonary function and adrenal gland suppression with incremental doses of aerosolized beclomethasone dipropionate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To evaluate clinical response, pulmonary function, and adrenal gland response to incremental doses of beclomethasone dipropionate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Methods: Crossover trial. Methods: 8 horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Methods: Horses randomly assigned to 4 groups were treated twice daily via aerosol administration of placebo or 500, 1,000, or 1,500 micrograms of beclomethasone dipropionate in a crossover design with a 10-day minimum washout period. Subjective assessment of airway obstruction, serum cortisol concentration, and maximum change in pleural pressu...
An outbreak of type C botulism in 12 horses and a mule. A USDA Early Response Team investigated deaths of several horses and a mule in northern Arizona at the request of local animal health officials. Thirteen animals (12 horses and 1 mule) housed at 5 facilities in a 7.4 square mile area died between August 1998 and January 1999. Clinical signs consisted of muscular weakness that rapidly progressed to lateral recumbency. Ten animals had paresis of the tongue, throat, or lips. Affected animals appeared alert and were interested in eating and drinking, even while recumbent. All 13 animals were euthanatized. Clostridium botulinum type C was isolated ...
Concentration of cardiac troponin I in a horse with a ruptured aortic regurgitation jet lesion and ventricular tachycardia. An 18-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was evaluated because of sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia and signs of colic. Three years earlier, a diastolic decrescendo murmur, consistent with aortic regurgitation, had been detected, but the horse continued to perform well and compete successfully. Cardiac ultrasonographic examination revealed a defect in the interventricular septum below the aortic root, and serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were higher than those measured in clinically normal horses. Repeated development of tachyarrhythmia during hospitalization prompted a decis...
Association of disease with isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from farm soil and foals with pneumonia. To determine whether isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from soil and infected foals are associated with clinical disease. Methods: Cross-sectional and case-control study. Methods: R equi isolates from 50 foals with pneumonia and soil samples from 33 farms with and 33 farms without a history of R equi infection (affected and control, respectively). Methods: R equi was selectively isolated from soil samples. Soil and clinical isolates were evaluated for virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids (VapA-P) and resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and cephalothin. Mic...
Treatment of supraspinous bursitis by use of debridement in standing horses: 10 cases (1968-1999). To evaluate efficacy of debridement for treatment of supraspinous bursitis in horses and to evaluate the outcome. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 10 horses with clinical signs of supraspinous bursitis. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for signalment, anamnesis, results of physical and radiographic examination, microbial culture results of supraspinous bursa tissue or exudate, Brucella abortus titers, type of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies, surgical technique, complications of the surgical procedure, and findings on histologic examination of excised nuchal ligament a...
Differences in total protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and red blood cell count among sequential samples of cerebrospinal fluid from horses. To examine total protein concentration and cell counts of sequentially collected samples of CSF to determine whether blood contamination decreases in subsequent samples and whether formulas used to correct nucleated cell count and total protein concentration are accurate. Methods: Case series. Methods: 22 horses. Methods: For each horse, 3 or 4 sequential 2-ml samples of CSF were collected from the subarachnoid space in the lumbosacral region into separate syringes, and blood was obtained from the jugular vein. Total protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and RBC counts were determined i...
Arthroscopic removal of fracture fragments involving a portion of the base of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses: 26 cases (1984-1997). To determine the outcome of horses with basal fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone from which a fracture fragment involving a portion of the base of the bone was removed arthroscopically and to determine whether fragment size was associated with outcome. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 26 horses. Methods: Dorsopalmar and axial-abaxial lengths of the fracture fragment were measured on the dorsopalmar and mediolateral radiographic views, respectively, and percentage of the base of the sesamoid bone involved was estimated. Fractures were classified as grade 1 ( 25% but < 100% of the ...
Diagnosis and management of abnormal embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares. To determine the incidence, ultrasonographic characteristics, and risk factors associated with embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares. Methods: Prevalence survey. Methods: 159 pregnant mares. Methods: From 1994 to 1998, mares between 11 and 40 days after ovulation with normal and abnormal embryonic development were examined ultrasonographically, and characteristics of each conceptus were recorded. Results: The incidence of abnormal embryonic development in mares characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo was...
Streptococcal toxic shock in a horse. A 14-year-old horse was admitted to the veterinary hospital for treatment of tachycardia and lethargy. Initial diagnoses were ventricular tachycardia and renal dysfunction. During hospitalization other findings included fever, renal failure, hepatic failure, hypotension, and intermittent ventricular arrhythmias. Bacteriologic culture of 2 blood samples collected during febrile crises 7 days apart yielded Streptococcus mitis. These culture results along with other clinical and physical examination findings fulfill the criteria for a diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, previously de...
Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp by horses in the United States during 1998 and 1999 and detection of Salmonella spp in grain and concentrate sources on equine operations. To estimate prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp among horses in the US horse population and prevalence of Salmonella spp in grain or other concentrate used as horse feed on equine operations in the United States. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: Horses on 972 operations in 28 states. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from horses resident at each operation. Only a single sample was collected from any individual horse; number of horses from which samples were collected on each operation was determined on the basis of number of horses on the operation. A single sample of g...
Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals). Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 143 foals < 240 days old. Methods: Information on age, sex, breed, primary drug treatment, total days of treatment with the primary drug, and whether the foal developed diarrhea, hyperthermia, or respiratory distress was obtained...
Pneumothorax in horses: 40 cases (1980-1997). To characterize pneumothorax in horses and to describe clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and clinical outcome of horses with pneumothorax. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 40 horses. Methods: Medical records of horses with pneumothorax were reviewed to obtain information on signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic testing, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results: Horses developed pneumothorax secondary to pleuropneumonia (17 horses), open wounds of the thorax (9), closed trauma to the thorax (7), surgery on the upper portion of the respiratory tract (3), and surgery involving t...
Long-term outcome of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone treated conservatively: 25 cases (1976-1993). To determine clinical features of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone and to report outcome of horses in which treatment did not include surgery. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 25 horses (14 Standardbreds, 6 Thoroughbreds, 5 Quarter Horses). Methods: Medical records of horses with a slab fracture of the central (n = 9) or third (16) tarsal bone were reviewed. Only horses for which treatment consisted of confinement to a stall were included in this study. Clinical features and radiographic findings were recorded and summarized. Outcome was determined for raci...
Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares. To characterize clinical, serologic, bacteriologic, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses of mares to 2 donkey-origin atypical bacterial isolates resembling Taylorella equigenitalis. Methods: Prospective in vivo study. Methods: 10 healthy mares. Methods: Mares in estrus (2/group) were inoculated by intrauterine infusion with 2 isolates of classic T equigenitalis or 2 isolates of atypical Taylorella sp or were sham-inoculated. Bacteriologic, serologic, clinical, uterine, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses were assessed 4, 11, 21, 35, and 63 days after inoculation and on d...
Risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in Texas. To identify risk factors for enterolithiasis in horses. Methods: Matched case-control study. Methods: 26 horses with enteroliths, 104 horses with other causes of colic that underwent surgery (52 horses, surgical control group) or were treated medically (52 horses, nonsurgical control group). Methods: Medical records were reviewed for horses with enteroliths and control horses. Information collected included signalment, anamnesis, and findings on physical examination and clinicopathologic testing at admission. Horses with enteroliths and control horses were compared by means of conditional logi...
Pythiosis with bone lesions in a pregnant mare. A 9-year-old pregnant mare was referred for evaluation of a nonhealing wound of 8 weeks' duration on the lateral aspect of the left forelimb. A soft tissue mass encircled the proximal two thirds of the metacarpus; radiography revealed a moderate periosteal reaction affecting metacarpal bone i.v. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations revealed eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation and Pythium sp in the soft tissues. The mare was treated for 12 days with antimicrobials, medicated wound dressings, debridement, and i.v. administration of sodium iodide; radiography revealed progression o...
Arthroscopic removal of patellar fracture fragments in horses: five cases (1989-1998). To evaluate the use of arthroscopy as the primary method for removal of large patellar fracture fragments. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 5 performance horses of various breeds with patellar fractures. Methods: Clinical signs of lameness, external evidence of injury, and radiography were used to diagnose and determine fracture orientation. Arthroscopy of the stifle joint was performed on the affected limb with the horse positioned in dorsal recumbency and under general anesthesia. Progress after surgery was determined by evaluating medical records and via telephone conversations with o...
Laparoscopic intra-abdominal ligation of the testicular artery following castration in a horse. A 364-kg (800-lb) 1-year-old mixed-breed horse was admitted for treatment of uncontrolled bleeding after castration. Multiple attempts to ligate the testicular artery through the scrotal incisions prior to referral had been unsuccessful. Because of the owner's concerns about cost, an attempt was made to control the bleeding by applying pressure to the inguinal region and administering formalin IV. However, hemorrhage continued. A decision was made to use laparoscopy to ligate the testicular artery. The horse was anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency, and a routine ventral laparoscop...
Prevalence and clinical importance of heart murmurs in racehorses. To determine the prevalence of various types of heart murmurs in Thoroughbred racehorses and assess their association with performance by echocardiography and review of the horses' race records for the preceding 2 years. Methods: Clinical and retrospective study. Methods: 846 Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Cardiac auscultations were performed by 3 individuals; for 30 horses, Doppler echocardiographic examinations were also performed. Statistical analyses of race records for 753 horses were performed to assess association of heart murmurs with performance. Results: Heart murmurs were detecte...
Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection. To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection. Methods: Serial case study. Methods: 8 horses. Methods: Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens ...
