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Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement.
Discontinued
Publisher:
Blackwell Scientific Publications for Journals of Reproduction and Fertility,. Cambridge, UK : Journals of Reproduction and Fertility, Ltd.
Frequency: Irregular
Country: England
Language: English
Author(s):
Society for the Study of Fertility.
Start Year:1966 - 2001
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0449-3087 (Print) 0449-3087 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0225652 |
| (DNLM): | J37020000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01639439 |
| Coden: | JRFSAR |
| LCCN: | sn 82004517 |
| Classification: | W1 JO868KA |
Epidemiological observations on contagious equine metritis in Kentucky, 1978. Contagious equine metritis, introduced by importation of 2 comtaminated stallions from France, affected 54 Thoroughbred brood mares during the 1978 breeding season in Kentucky. The infection was diagnosed bacteriologically and by the use of a complement fixation test. Although lateral spread to stallions, and probably to a few mares, occurred through human agency in the breeding sheds of 2 stud farms, control measures instituted early in the epidemic confined the disease to brood mares bred by stallion on only these farms.
A radiographic study of the fetus in late pregnancy and during foaling. The position, posture and presentation of the fetus were studied by serial radiography of the abdomen in 18 crossbred Pony mares near term and during first- and second-stage labour. In 3 mares the fetal position was assessed before and after induction of parturition with the synthetic prostaglandin, fluprostenol. In late gestation and up to the time of first-stage labour the fetus lay in ventral position with the forelimbs and poll flexed or partly flexed. At this time fetal movements were confined to flexion and extension of neck and forelimbs, but at parturition the head and limbs gradually ...
Changes in mammary development and composition of secretion during late pregnancy in the mare. Small samples of mammary secretion were taken for analysis from Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy up to the time of foaling. The concentrations of sodium and chloride decreased while those of lactose, potassium, citrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and protein increased. The time-course of these changes showed marked variation between animals. The concentration of whey proteins began to increase about 10 days before parturition. The appearance of the secretion and the size of the mammary glands increased in the last few days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the concen...
Observations on the length and angle of declination of the vulva and its relation to fertility in the mare. An instrument has been designed to measure the effective length (l) and angle of declination (a) of the vulva in the mare. The product, la, provides an index (Caslick Index) suitable for determining the necessity for Caslick's operation in mares not exhibiting the classical symptoms associated with pneumovagina. The value l showed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) with increased age in breeding mares. Studies on 9020 mares revealed that all caslicked mares, and mares with a Caslick Index of less than 150, had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-caslicked mares of similar age...
Cytogenetic and clinical findings in mares with gonadal dysgenesis. Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare is associated with several different karyotypes, including sex chromosome aneuploidy (63,X; 63,X/64,XX; 63,X/64,XY or 65,XXX), the normal male complement (64,XY) and autosomal deletion (64,XX?del2q-). The 63,X is the most common karyotype found in gonadal dysgenesis. Aneuploid cases probably represent spontaneous chromosome non-disjunction during oogenesis, spermatogenesis or early embryonic development. Cases with XY or autosomal deletion may be inherited defects or of spontaneous origin.
The role of the fetal gonads and placenta in steroid production, maintenance of pregnancy and parturition in the mare. The effects of fetal gonadectomy on steroid production and the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare were studied. Removal of the fetal gonads resulted in an immediate fall in maternal plasma concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated oestrogens whereas progestagen levels remained unchanged. Hormone profiles in mares carrying sham-operated fetuses remained similar to those in unoperated control mares. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF-2 alpha (PGFM) were much lower, and uterine contractions weaker, during labour in mares carrying gonadectomized foals than in control mares. Pregnancy ...
The bacteriological culture of equine uterine contents, in-vitro sensitivity of organisms isolated and interpretation. A total of 19 pathogenic bacterial species was isolated from uterine swabs of 498 out of 1539 mares over 4 years. The swabs were taken by 5 veterinary clinicians using 2 different techniques. Bacterial contamination during swabbing was minimized by scrupulous attention to cleansing of the external genitalia and the perineal area, and in the handling of the culture specimen. The most prevalent organisms isolated were beta-haemolytic streptococcus (39%), Escherichia coli (27%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%). Interpretation of microbiological findings correlated well with clinical findings when n...
Effect of diethylstilboestrol on the relationship between LH, PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in the mare. Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between LH and progesterone and between PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in mares. In the first, samples of jugular blood were collected daily from 7 mares from the first day of oestrus until Day 28 of pregnancy, and in the second, samples were collected weekly from 14 mares from Day 35 of gestation until parturition. In an attempt to prolong secretion of progesterone from accessory corpora lutea, 7 of these 14 mares were injected with increasing doses (2--10 mg) of diethylstilboestrol (DES) between Days 84 and 142 of gestation. Th...
Survival of Haemophilus equigenitalis in different antibiotic-containing semen extenders. The ability of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis 1977, to survive in various antibiotic-containing semen extenders was studied at different environmental temperatures. Gentamicin sulphate was found to be markedly superior to ampicillin or a combination of sodium benzyl penicillin and polymyxin B sulphate, Semen treated with the former antibiotic was either sterile at cultural examination or else yielded appreciably fewer colonies of H. equigenitalis than the untreated semen control. Ampicillin had no observable effect on the survival of this organism. Ge...
Sources of variation in response intervals after prostaglandin treatment in mares with functional corpora lutea. Sixty-two non-cycling mares were classified according to the size of largest follicles at the time of treatment with Prostalene, an analogue of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha. Although oestrus occurred in only 77.4% of mares, 98.4% ovulated at an average of 6.8 days after treatment. Greatest variance of interval to ovulation was observed in mares having follicles greater than or equal to 40 mm at the time of treatment. This was due to regression of large follicles about one-third of the time and later ovulation of a succeeding follicle. This resulted also in greatest uncertainty of prediction of...
Influence of ovaries and photoperiod on reproductive function in the mare. A 16 h daily photoperiod hastened the onset of the ovulatory season (first ovulation); gonadotrophin and follicular changes prior to the onset were similar in intact light-treated and control mares. A preovulatory decline in FSH concentrations before the onset of the ovulatory season preceded the decrease in number of follicles (15--25 mm) and the rise in LH concentrations which was temporally associated with the growth of an ovulatory follicle. Seasonal changes of FSH and LH concentrations were found in ovariectomized mares and were influenced by photoperiod. During the anovulatory season, th...
Effect of season on some characteristics of stallion semen. Season had a pronounced effect upon seminal pH and refractometer 'protein', total carbohydrate, dry weight, total N2 and lactic acid in seminal plasma of first and second ejaculates. In addition, total seminal volume, spermatozoa per ml and per ejaculate, non-protein sulphhydryl and glycerylphosphorylcholine of second ejaculates were also influenced. There was a season difference in the concentrations of lactic acid in spermatozoa from first and in total N2 from spermatozoa in second ejaculates. The effects of season on seminal plasma were greater than those on spermatozoa. Spermatozoa in firs...
The development and distribution of mucosal enzymes in the small intestine of the fetus and young foal. Lactase and cellobiase were detectable in the fetal intestine by the 3rd month of gestation, and although there was little change by the 9th month, maximal levels were reached at birth and steadily declined after 4 months. Conversely maltase, sucrase and trehalase were barely discernible in the fetus, maltase being present at low levels at birth, but all increased during the suckling period to attain adult levels by 7 months of age. Alkaline phosphatase activity matured earlier than did disaccharidase activity. Mucosal enzymes other than alkaline phosphatase were virtually absent from meconium...
Influence of ejaculation frequency of stallions on characteristics of semen and output of spermatozoa. Approximately 1 week was required to stabilize the extragonadal sperm reserves in stallions ejaculated daily for 10 weeks. The true daily sperm output of a stallion was equal to the mean daily sperm output of seven ejaculates +/- 1-35 X 10(9) spermatozoa. Mean concentrations of spermatozoa/ml and number of spermatozoa/ejaculate were higher (P less than 0-01) for X1 and X3/week ejaculation frequencies than for a X6/week frequency. Sperm output/week was nearly identical for a X6/week frequency. Sperm output/week was nearly identical for the X3 and X6 frequencies and higher (P less than 0-01) tha...
The development of the lung and its surfactant in the foal and in other species. The development of the lung from the glandular through the canalicular to the alveolar stages in the horse fetus is described. Traces of surfactant and occasional lamellated osmiophilic bodies representing intracellular surfactant were found at 150 days of gestation, some 40 to 60 days before the transition to the canalicular stage. During this transition some of the cuboidal cells of the glandular rosettes are transformed into cells of Types I and II, but the surfactant is not fully developed until 300 days or, in some foals, until after delivery.
Transfer of gases and metabolites in the equine placenta: a comparison with other species. Mares and fetuses with indwelling catheters in the umbilical and uterine vessels have been used to monitor transplacental blood gas tensions, pH, O2 affinities and the concentration of various metabolites in fetal and maternal blood during late gestation. Measurements of umbilical and uterine blood flows and arterio-venous differences enabled the uptake of O2 and glucose by the fetus and the uterus to be estimated. The present findings are compared with those from other species in comparable conditions.
Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare. Five phenotypically normal but infertile mares were studied; four had karyotypes of 63XO, and one was a 25,64XX/13,63XO mosaic. The mares exhibited small uteri and has small ovaries that lacked germ cells and consisted primarily of undifferentiated ovarian stroma. These cases demonstrate that chromosome analysis is an important technique for the diagnosis of some forms of equine infertility.
Androgens and oestrogens in normal and cryptorchid stallions. Total androgens, testosterone and total oestrogens were measured in twenty-one intact, nine unilaterally cryptorchid, three bilaterally cryptorchid stallions and four geldings. Total oestrogens were significantly higher (P less than 0-005) and total androgens significantly lower (P less than 0-05) in the bilateral cryptorchid compared to other groups. There was a significant (P less than 0-025) day and night variation in total androgen levels. Thyroidectomized and intact animals showed a marked decrease in total androgen as well as testosterone levels during the winter period thus showing an e...
Abnormalities of mating behaviour in domestic stallions. Experimental and clinical observations were made to treat abnormal sexual behaviour. The most common cause of abnormality was mismanagement of the animal; over-use and rough treatment at service and too-frequent ejaculation during winter had a detrimental effect on the behaviour of young stallions. Pain due to injury incurred at copulation or when associated with mounting attempts was also a common cause of impotence. Most impotent stallions responded well to re-training and recovery can be achieved without pharmacological treatment in most cases.
Candida infection of the genital tract in thoroughbred mares. This paper describes sixteen cases of Candida infection of the genital tract in Thoroughbred mares. Clinical signs and histopathological lesions of the disease are described and the results of treatment with Lugol's solution and Nystatin are given.
Some aspects of endometrial cup formation and PMSG production. Two females of heterosexual pairs of chimaeric horse twins were fertilized by their co-twin brother and PMSG production examined during gestation. Four pregnancies developed in one mare and two in the other. The levels of PMSG were high in both mares and remained detectable in the peripheral blood until 220 and 265 days of gestation. The fetal membranes of one mare contained remnants of cup secretion with PMSG activity at term. The findings support the thesis of Allen & Moor (1972) that the endometrial cups are of fetal origin and that they are destroyed by immunological mechanisms.
Oestrogens, LH, PMSG, and prolactin in serum of pregnant mares. Levels of oestrone, equilin and equilenin (E1), oestradiol (E2) LH, PMSG and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from pregnant mares. Levels of E1 were always greater than those of E2. Both E1 and E2 remained at low levels until Day 80, increased significantly (P less than 0-05) by Day 120 to reach peak levels at Day 210 or 240 and then declined until parturition. Maximum levels of oestrogens observed in this study were 828 +/- 151 pg/ml for E1 and 71 +/- 18 pg/ml for E2 at Days 210 and 240 respectively. Spikes of LH release were observed in early pregnancy in most mares. Leve...
The relationship between dialy sperm production as determined by quantitative testicular histology and daily sperm output in the stallion. The relationship between daily sperm productions (DSP) and daily sperm output (DSO) was determined in eleven stallions. The DSO was determined by collecting single ejaculates, with an artificial vagina, at 24-hr intervals. The stallions were killed 24 hr after the last collection and the DSP was determined by quantitative testicular histology. The mean DSP was 8-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9), and the mean DSO was 7-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9)). It was estimated that 87% of the spermatozoa produced by the testes were harvested. The correlation between DSP and DSO was 0-80 (P less than 0-0...
Pelviscopy in the mare. A method of endoscopic examination of the internal genital (pelvic) organs of the mare is described. Special emphasis is placed on the induction of artificial pneumoperitoneum and the installation of an endoscopic peritoneal fistula device for prolonged observation. The potential of pelviscopy in the mare as a diagnostic aid, a new device for research in equine reproduction and as an auxillary aid to teaching is discussed.
