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Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.
Publisher:
Blackwell Science,. New York, NY : Elsevier (2017)
Frequency: Six no. a year, 2005-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists., American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists., European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia.
Start Year:2000 -
ISSN:
1467-2987 (Print)
1467-2995 (Electronic)
1467-2987 (Linking)
1467-2995 (Electronic)
1467-2987 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.7
2022
| NLM ID: | 100956422 |
| (OCoLC): | 44082807 |
| Classification: | W1 JO97K |
Use of a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor as an adjunctive analgesic in a horse with laminitis. A 4-year old, 500 kg Thoroughbred female horse diagnosed with bilateral forelimb laminitis and cellulitis on the left forelimb became severely painful and refractory to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy (flunixin meglumine on days 1, 2, 3 and 4; and phenylbutazone on days 5, 6 and 7) alone or in combination with gabapentin (days 6 and 7). Methods: Pain scores assessed independently by three individuals with a visual analog scale (VAS; 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain) were 8.5 on day 6, and it increased to 9.5 on day 7. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring revealed severe hyper...
Attitude of Brazilian veterinarians in the recognition and treatment of pain in horses and cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the use of analgesics, describe the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians towards pain relief in horses and cattle and evaluate the differences due to gender, year of graduation and type of practice. Methods: Prospective survey. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to 1000 large animal veterinarians by mail, internet and delivered in person during national meetings. The survey investigated the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians to the recognition and treatment of pain in large animals and consisted of sections asking about demographic data, use of analge...
Influence of detomidine and xylazine on spleen dimensions and on splenic response to epinephrine infusion in healthy adult horses. To compare the changes in splenic length and thickness and in packed cell volume (PCV) following detomidine or xylazine administration and subsequent epinephrine infusion. Objective: Spleen relaxation occurs following xylazine or detomidine administration and interferes with subsequent splenic contractile response to epinephrine. Methods: Randomized non-blinded crossover experimental study. Methods: 6 healthy adult mares. Methods: The mares received an intravenous (IV) epinephrine infusion (1 μg kg(-1 ) minute(-1) over 5 minutes) one hour after IV administration of detomidine (0.01 mg kg(-1) ...
Plasma drug concentrations and clinical effects of a peripheral alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, in horses sedated with detomidine. To investigate plasma drug concentrations and the effect of MK-467 (L-659'066) on sedation, heart rate and gut motility in horses sedated with intravenous (IV) detomidine. Methods: Experimental randomized blinded crossover study. Methods: Six healthy horses. Methods: Detomidine (10 μg kg(-1) IV) was administered alone (DET) and in combination with MK-467 (250 μg kg(-1) IV; DET + MK). The level of sedation and intestinal sounds were scored. Heart rate (HR) and central venous pressure (CVP) were measured. Blood was collected to determine plasma drug concentrations. Repeated measures anova was ...
Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve block in horses: a cadaveric study. To develop an ultrasound-guided technique for retrobulbar nerve block in horses, and to compare the distribution of three different volumes of injected contrast medium (CM) (4, 8 and 12 mL), with the hypothesis that successful placement of the needle within the retractor bulbi muscle cone would lead to the most effective dispersal of CM towards the nerves leaving the orbital fissure. Methods: Prospective experimental cadaver study. Methods: Twenty equine cadavers. Methods: Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar injections were performed in 40 cadaver orbits. Ultrasound visualization of needle placement...
The effects of a loading dose followed by constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia and response to stimuli in horses. To compare xylazine and romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols regarding degree of sedation, and effects on postural instability (PI), ataxia during motion (A) and reaction to different stimuli. Methods: Blinded randomized experimental cross-over study. Methods: Ten adult horses. Methods: Degree of sedation was assessed by head height above ground (HHAG). Effects on PI, A and reaction to visual, tactile and acoustic stimulation were assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) and by visual analogue scale (VAS). After baseline measurements, horses were sedated by intravenous loading dos...
Sevoflurane inhibits equine myeloperoxidase release and activity in vitro. To investigate the effects of the volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane on the release of total and active myeloperoxidase (MPO) by non-stimulated and stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in whole blood from healthy horses. Methods: In vitro experimental study. Methods: Adult healthy horses. Methods: Samples of whole venous blood were collected and incubated in air or in air plus 2.3% or 4.6% sevoflurane for 1 hour. PMNs were stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), with a combination of cytochalasin B (CB) and fMLP or with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Total an...
Effect of yohimbine on detomidine induced changes in behavior, cardiac and blood parameters in the horse. To describe selected pharmacodynamic effects of detomidine and yohimbine when administered alone and in sequence. Methods: Randomized crossover design. Methods: Nine healthy adult horses aged 9 ± 4 years and weighing 561 ± 56 kg. Methods: Three dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV, 2) 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV and 3) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV. Each horse received all three treatments with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed for detomidin...
Assessment of unassisted recovery from repeated general isoflurane anesthesia in horses following post-anesthetic administration of xylazine or acepromazine or a combination of xylazine and ketamine. To compare the effects of sedative doses of acepromazine, xylazine or xylazine/ketamine administered to horses after isoflurane anesthesia on the quality of recovery and anesthesia recovery times. To determine if recovery scores improve after repeated consecutive anesthetic episodes. Methods: Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Methods: Fifteen adult research horses, 6.5±3.4 years old and weighing 499±40 kg. Methods: Horses undergoing three anesthetic episodes with isoflurane for magnetic resonance of the forelimbs were administered acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1) i.v.) or xylazine (0.3 m...
Alfaxalone compared with ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in horses following xylazine and guaifenesin. To compare anaesthesia induced with either alfaxalone or ketamine in horses following premedication with xylazine and guaifenesin. Methods: Randomized blinded cross-over experimental study. Methods: Six adult horses, five Standardbreds and one Thoroughbred; two mares and four geldings. Methods: Each horse received, on separate occasions, induction of anaesthesia with either ketamine 2.2 mg kg(-1) or alfaxalone 1 mg kg(-1) . Premedication was with xylazine 0.5 mg kg(-1) and guaifenesin 35 mg kg(-1) . Incidence of tremors/shaking after induction, recovery and ataxia on recovery were scored. Time...
Oxygenation and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide. To assess oxygenation, ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching and plasma endothelin (ET-1) concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse-delivered inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Healthy adult Standardbred horses. Methods: Horses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and placed in lateral recumbency. Six control (C group) horses were anaesthetized without iNO delivery and six horses received pulse-delivered iNO (NO group). After 2.5 hours of anaesthesia isoflurane and iNO were abrupt...
Measurement of tidal volume using respiratory ultrasonic plethysmography in anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated horses. To compare tidal volume estimations obtained from Respiratory Ultrasonic Plethysmography (RUP) with simultaneous spirometric measurements in anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated horses. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental study. Methods: Five experimental horses. Methods: Five horses were anaesthetized twice (1 week apart) in random order in lateral and in dorsal recumbency. Nine ventilation modes (treatments) were scheduled in random order (each lasting 4 minutes) applying combinations of different tidal volumes (8, 10, 12 mL kg(-1)) and positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) (0,...
Pulsed delivery of inhaled nitric oxide counteracts hypoxaemia during 2.5 hours of inhalation anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent horses. The study aimed to investigate the effect of varying pulse lengths of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), and 2.5 hours of continuous pulse-delivered iNO on pulmonary gas exchange in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Six Standardbred horses. Methods: Horses received acepromazine, detomidine, guaifenesin, thiopentone and isoflurane in oxygen, were positioned in dorsal recumbency and were breathing spontaneously. iNO was on average pulsed during the first 20, 30, 43 or 73% of the inspiration in 15 minute steps. The pulse length that corresponded to the highest (peak) partial pr...
Plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone in neonatal foals after an intravenous bolus of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the neurosteroid anaesthetic, alfaxalone, in neonatal foals after a single intravenous (IV) injection of alfaxalone following premedication with butorphanol tartrate. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Five clinically healthy Australian Stock Horse foals of mean ± SD age of 12 ± 3 days and weighing 67.3 ± 12.4 kg. Methods: Foals were premedicated with butorphanol (0.05 mg kg(-1) IV) and anaesthesia was induced 10 minutes later by IV injection with alfaxalone 3 mg kg(-1) . Cardiorespiratory variables (pulse rate, respir...
A comparative study of xylazine-induced mechanical hypoalgesia in donkeys and horses. To compare the effects of xylazine on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in donkeys and horses. Methods: Randomized, controlled, crossover, Latin-square, operator-blinded design. Methods: Six 3.1 ± 0.89 year old standard donkeys weighing 145.0 ± 30.5 kg and six 9.6 ± 4.4 year old Thoroughbred horses weighing 456.0 ± 69.0 kg. Methods: Each animal received one of four doses of xylazine (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 mg kg(-1) ), or acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1) ) or saline solution (0.9%) intravenously and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were assessed over 90 minutes. The areas under the threshold ...
Effects of hypercapnic hyperpnea on recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. To test the hypothesis that hypercapnic hyperpnea produced using endotracheal insufflation with 5-10% CO(2) in oxygen could be used to shorten anesthetic recovery time in horses, and that recovery from sevoflurane would be faster than from isoflurane. Methods: Randomized crossover study design. Methods: Eight healthy adult horses. Methods: After 2 hours' administration of constant 1.2 times MAC isoflurane or sevoflurane, horses were disconnected from the anesthetic circuit and administered 0, 5, or 10% CO(2) in balance O(2) via endotracheal tube insufflation. End-tidal gas samples were collect...
Medetomidine continuous rate intravenous infusion in horses in which surgical anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and intravenous infusions of lidocaine and ketamine. To evaluate medetomidine as a continuous rate infusion (CRI) in horses in which anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and CRIs of ketamine and lidocaine. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Methods: Forty horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: After sedation and induction, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Mechanical ventilation was employed. All horses received lidocaine (1.5 mg kg(-1) initially, then 2 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and ketamine (2 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)), both CRIs reducing to 1.5 mg kg(-1) hour(-1) after 50 minutes. Horses in group MILK received ...
The effects of yohimbine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of detomidine in the horse. To describe the pharmacokinetics of detomidine and yohimbine when administered in combination. Methods: Randomized crossover design. Methods: Nine healthy adult horses aged 9 ± 4 years and weighing of 561 ± 56 kg. Methods: Three dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV (D), 2) 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV (Y) and 3) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV (DY). Each horse received all three dose regimens with a minimum of 1 week in between subsequent regimens. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed f...
Influence of a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality in isoflurane anaesthetized horses. To investigate the influence of a dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study. Methods: Forty adult healthy horses (weight mean 491 ± SD 102 kg) undergoing elective surgery. Methods: After sedation [dexmedetomidine, 3.5 μg kg(-1) intravenously (IV)] and induction IV (midazolam 0.06 mg kg(-1), ketamine 2.2 mg kg(-1)), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air (FiO(2) 55-60%). Horses were ventilated and dobutamine was administered when hypoventilation [arterial partial pressure of...
Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. To determine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for romifidine (R) and romifidine combined with butorphanol (RB) resulting in constant sedation and romifidine plasma concentrations. Methods: Blinded randomized crossover study. Methods: Ten adult research horses. Methods: Part I: After determining normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%), loading doses of romifidine (80 μg kg(-1)) with butorphanol (RB: 18 μg kg(-1)) or saline (R) were given intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a butorphanol (RB: 25 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)) or saline (R) CRI was administered for 2 hours. The HHA...
Development of a xylazine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. To elaborate constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for xylazine (X) and xylazine/butorphanol (XB) which will result in constant sedation and steady xylazine plasma concentrations. Methods: Blinded randomized experimental study. Methods: Ten adult research horses. Methods: Part I: After normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%) was determined, a loading dose of xylazine (1 mg kg(-1) ) with butorphanol (XB: 18 μg kg(-1) ) or saline (X: equal volume) was given slowly intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a CRI of butorphanol (XB: 25 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)) or saline (X) was administer...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse. To describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following an intravenous (IV) bolus dose of medetomidine in the horse. Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Eight, mature healthy horses age 11.7 ± 4.6 (mean ± SD) years, weighing 557 ± 54 kg. Methods: Medetomidine (10 μg kg(-1) ) was administered IV. Blood was sampled at fixed time points from before drug administration to 48 hours post administration. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical data were obtained at predetermined time points from 0 minutes to 24 hours post administration. An algometer was also used to measu...
Correlation between jugular and central venous pressures in laterally recumbent horses. To compare and correlate right atrial pressure, which represents central venous pressure (CVP) to jugular vein pressure (JVP) in laterally recumbent horses under anesthesia. Methods: Retrospective clinical trial. Methods: Seven adult healthy horses (411 ± 8.7 kg). Methods: Horses were sedated with IV xylazine and anesthesia was obtained with IV ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. All horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency. An 8F catheter introducer was inserted into the right jugular vein to measure JVP. An 8F catheter introducer was i...
Effects of a constant rate infusion of detomidine on cardiovascular function, isoflurane requirements and recovery quality in horses. To examine the influence of a detomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on cardiovascular function, isoflurane requirements and recovery quality in horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Methods: Twenty adult healthy horses. Methods: After sedation (detomidine, 10 μg kg(-1) intravenously [IV]) and induction of anaesthesia (midazolam 0.06 mg kg(-1) , ketamine 2.2 mg kg(-1) IV), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air (inspiratory oxygen fraction 55%). When indicated, the lungs were mechanically ventilated. Dobut...
Metabolic acidosis in healthy mules under general anaesthesia with halothane. To report the severe metabolic acidosis identified in a group of 11 healthy mules anaesthetized with halothane for castration. Methods: Data generated from a prospective study. Methods: Eleven mules aged 2.5-8 years, weighing 230-315 kg and 11 horses aged 1.5-3.5 years, weighing 315-480 kg. Methods: Animals were anaesthetized for castration as part of an electroencephalographic study. Preanaesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.03 mg kg(-1) ) administered through a preplaced jugular venous catheter. Anaesthesia was induced 30-90 minutes later with intravenous thiopental (10 mg kg(-1) ). ...
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the injectable anaesthetic alfaxalone in the horse. To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the neurosteroidal anaesthetic, alfaxalone, in horses after a single intravenous (IV) injection of alfaxalone, following premedication with acepromazine, xylazine and guaiphenesin. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Ten (five male and five female), adult, healthy, Standardbred horses. Methods: Horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg(-1) IV). Twenty minutes later they received xylazine (1 mg kg(-1) IV), then after 5 minutes, guaiphenesin (35 mg kg(-1) IV) followed immediately by IV induction of anaesthesia w...
