Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Antibodies
Antibodies in horses are specialized proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances, known as antigens. These substances can include pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Antibodies function by recognizing and binding to specific antigens, thereby neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. In equine health, antibodies are integral to both natural immune responses and those induced by vaccinations. The study of antibodies in horses encompasses their production, diversity, and role in disease resistance and management. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the generation, function, and implications of antibodies in equine immunology and disease control.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was elaborated for the detection of specific antibody to equine infectious anemia (EIA) antigen. Sera from horses experimentally infected with EIA virus were assayed by ELISA, complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion (ID) tests for antibody to EIA antigen. The ELISA technique was found to be much more sensitive than CF and ID tests. In addition, EIA specific antibody could be detected by ELISA at an earlier stage of infection than by CF or ID techniques. The applicability of the technique to diagnosis of EIA is discussed.
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the contagious equine metritis organism by equine neutrophils in serum. Equine neutrophils were combined with Haemophilus equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis organism; CEMO) or Escherichia coli in low- and high-antibody-titer serum to evaluate the neutrophils ability to phagocytize and kill these bacteria. More E. coli than CEMO were phagocytized at each time period. After 120 min in low-antibody-titer serum, 56.3% of the E. coli and 34.3% of the CEMO were phagocytized. A total of 45% of CEMO and 74.9% of E. coli were phagocytized by 120 min when neutrophils were in high-antibody-titer serum. More than 75% of the ingested E. coli and 90% of the ingested CEMO...
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. I. Serologic and genetic studies. A genetic system controlling lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse is described. Alloantisera to paternal histocompatibility antigens induced as a result of pregnancy in mares were used in an antibody-mediated complement-dependent microcytotoxicity assay to define 15 Equine Leukocyte Antigen (ELA) specificities using cluster analysis. In this study 369 sera were screened for alloantibody using lymphocytes from 10 randomly selected, unrelated horses. A high proportion (83%) of these sera were found to be positive for antibody to lymphocyte alloantigens. After initial cluster analysis, 120 of the...
Purification and identification of horse serum IgA. ウマ分泌型IgA (初乳, 涙) の分離精製については, すでに報告されているが, ウマ血清IgAの分離精製に関する明確な手法を示した報告は見あたらない. われわれは, ウマ血清を脱塩, 硫安塩析し, ついでDEAEセルロース, 免疫吸着体のカラム操作により, 抗原性および分子サイズにおいて, IgG, IgG(T), IgM とは明らかに区別される免疫グロブリンを分離精製した. この免疫グロブリンは抗イヌIgAとの交差反応性により, IgAと同定された. さらに作製した抗分泌型...
Horse erythrocyte glycoprotein-latex reagent that reacts with infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody. A sialoglycoprotein from horse erythrocytes was isolated in essentially homogeneous form and found to contain the neuraminidase-sensitive determinant of the horse erythrocyte for Paul-Bunnell heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. This reactivity was retained after covalent coupling of the antigen to latex particles. The latex reagent has greater stability (greater than 3 years) than either fresh or preserved horse erythrocytes. It can be used in a direct slide test; no absorption of the serum is necessary. The new test compared favorably with some standard tests for infectious mo...
Human, bovine, and equine growth hormone antibodies in patients treated with human growth hormone. The immunological behavior of sera from hypopituitary patients treated with human GH (hGH) has been studied by homologous and heterologous RIAs using 125I-labeled hormones. Along with antibodies against hGH, antibodies exhibiting antibovine and antiequine GH (anti-bGH and anti-eGH, respectively) activities were also found. Displacement experiments showed that hGH was an effective competitor of 125 I-labeled hGH, whereas bGH and eGH were quite inefficient. Conversely, when the tracer was 125I-labeled bGH, both bGH and eGH were good displacers, while the human hormone was poor. The values of the...
Immunological studies on equine phycomycosis. One in vivo and 2 in vitro tests were developed to study immunological aspects of phycomycosis in clinically infected, recovered and normal in-contact horses. Serum from all infected horses gave positive readings in an agar-gel double diffusion test; serum from normal and recovered horses did not react. A complement fixation test detected antibody against Hyphomyces destruens in 82% clinical cases at an average titre of 20. Serum from recovered and in-contact horses reacted sporadically at positive titre. An intradermal hypersensitivity test (Heaf test) was used to detect evidence of cellular ...
Serological investigation of horse sera for antibodies against mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas. Sera from horses with respiratory disease (RD) have been investigated using the complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme immune assay, and the metabolic inhibition test, and sera from mares after abortion, using the complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test and enzyme immune assay, for antibodies against Mycoplasma equirhinis, M subdolum, M. equigenitalium, M. pulmonis, M. felis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, A. hippikon and A. equifetale. Antibodies were found against all mycoplasma and acholeplasma species tested, more often against acholeplasmas. The antibod...
Comparative measurement of equine influenza virus antibodies in horse sera by single radial hemolysis, neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Single radial hemolysis (SRH), neutralization (NT), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were carried out on sera from horses immunized against the Prague and Miami strains of equine influenza virus. The HI and NT tests demonstrated good sensitivity; the sensitivity of the SRH test was somewhat lower. The NT titers of individual sera were correlated very closely with the HI titers, although the NT titers were higher. SRH zone diameters of individual sera also showed significant correlation with the NT and NI titers. The SRH test appears to be suitable for large-scale serological surveys ...
Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica. A four-year-old thoroughbred was presented with clinical manifestations of purpura haemorrhagica. Evidence of renal involvement consistent with glomerulopathy and nephrotic syndrome, characterized by heavy proteinuria and azotaemia, became apparent and may have been exacerbated by diuretic therapy. Autopsy revealed membrano- and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic pleuritis. Circulating immune complexes may have been responsible for the renal diseases and the purpura.
Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse. A four-year-old thoroughbred was presented with clinical manifestations of purpura haemorrhagica. Evidence of renal involvement consistent with glomerulopathy and nephrotic syndrome, characterised by heavy proteinuria and azotaemia, became apparent and may have been exacerbated by diuretic therapy. Autopsy revealed membrano- and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic pleuritis. Circulating immune complexes may have been responsible for the renal diseases and the purpura.
A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi. A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi was recognized on a large horse breeding farm. The organism differed from most S equi isolates by disappearance of the mucoid capsule by 24 hours of culture, leaving a matt-type colony. Typically, the clinical signs were a transient (24-48 hour) fever, profuse nasal discharge, and anorexia. In about half the affected animals, there was moderate mandibular lymph node enlargement, and these glands usually ruptured or were drained. The use of a passive hemagglutination antibody test showed that subclinical infection was widespread ...
Identification of immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotypes of specific antibodies of horse 46 group B meningococcal antiserum. Hyperimmune horse serum from a single animal (horse 46) immunized with group B (strain B-11) meningococcal vaccine provides a standardized, readily available diagnostic reagent used in primary isolation medium and for serogrouping of meningococci. Identification of the heavy-chain isotypes of specific anticapsular polysaccharide and anti-lipopolysaccharide isolated from horse 46 serum revealed a differential distribution in the occurrence of immunoglobulin classes. Meningococcal anticapsular antibodies of horse 46 serum were restricted predominately to the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class, with on...
Teratological effects of western equine encephalitis virus on the fetal nervous system of Macaca mulatta. Fetal rhesus monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally with an attenuated strain of western equine encephalitis virus. All animals developed microcephaly. Twelve of sixteen monkeys developed ex vacuo hydrocephalus. All virus inoculated fetuses developed WEE virus antibody. Virus could not be recovered at the time of delivery. Monkeys with the highest WEE antibody titers showed the greatest degree of hydrocephalus.
Ataxia in four horses with equine infectious anemia. In 4 horses with equine infectious anemia (EIA), the predominant clinical sign was ataxia. Other clinical and laboratory findings often associated with EIA included weight loss, anemia, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhages, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high activity of biliary epithelial enzymes. Neuropathologic findings were nonsuppurative granulomatous ependymitis, meningitis, and encephalomyelitis and plasmacytic-lymphocytic infiltration of the brain and spinal cord. The onset of neurologic signs corresponded to the acute stage of infection in at least 2 horses, and the signs developed at ...
Radioimmunoassay for the detection of antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA in equine sera. A radioimmunoassay was developed to discriminate immunoglobulin (Ig) classes specific for the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli (serotype O:111-B4). Adult horses were periodically inoculated IM with a nonviable suspension of the J-5 mutant emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Before and after the horses were inoculated, sera were collected sequentially and examined by radioimmunoassay. Rabbit anti-(horse) Ig and [125I]protein A served as the indicator system. Antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA were observed to follow a classic immune response. The radioimmunoassay offers a valuable tool fo...
Enteritis in foals induced by rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Colostrum-deprived, colostrum-fed or suckling foals were orally inoculated with foal rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli derived from a calf. Neither agent given alone caused diarrhoea in foals aged 1 or 2 days, although with rotavirus, 2 of the 3 inoculated foals became depressed 3 days after inoculation and all 3 were excreting rotavirus in the faeces. Inoculation of both agents induced diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived, colostrum-fed or suckling foals aged up to 16 days. There was an apparent age-related resistance to diarrhoea which developed between 2 and 3 weeks of age. It was r...
Antibodies to the zona pellucida in mares. Cross-reactivity tests indicated that the equine zona pellucida shares common antigen(s) with porcine zona. Porcine oocytes were therefore used to test for the presence of zona antibodies in the sera of horses. Serum samples were collected from 65 mares infertile for unexplained causes: 7 mares were strongly positive for antibodies reactive to porcine zona pellucida as determined by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Of these 7 mares, aged 8-23 years, 2 were nulliparous and 5 were multiparous. Zona-covered horse oocytes were treated with sera from 4 mares previously identified as zona posi...
Purification of horse muscle acylphosphatase antibodies by affinity chromatography. Horse muscle acylphosphatase antibodies were obtained by immunizing rabbits with the highly purified antigen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Specific antibodies were purified from the immunoglobulin fraction by affinity chromatography using a matrix coupled with the pure antigen as immunoadsorbent. The purified antibodies were partially characterized by immunodiffusion and immunoprecipitin techniques. These antibodies could be used to study aspects of the muscle acylphosphatase structure, localization and other biological properties.
Antigenic properties of some equine influenza viruses. The antigenic relationships between the haemagglutinins of five A/equine-1 viruses and between six A/equine-2 viruses were examined using post-infection ferret and immunized pony sera. Similar results were obtained with sera from both species for the A/equine-1 viruses and these confirmed minor antigenic differences between the prototype A/Prague 1/56 virus and viruses isolated in England in 1973 and 1977. Considerable antigenic differences were found between five of the A/equine-2 viruses, using ferret sera, but these differences were less evident using pony sera. The response of ponies to th...
Antibody responses of horses to equine influenza viruses during a postepizootic period in Japan. The antibody responses to equine influenza viruses were investigated during a postepizootic period of the disease. Serum samples were collected from a total of 128 horses on three occasions during the years 1967-77. No significant increase of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers to subtypes 1 and 2 of equine influenza virus were detected in any of the sera tested. The maternal hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers of foals decreased over a four month interval. A marked increase of the titers was recognized in only the equine influenza virus vaccinated horses. These findings sugges...
