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Topic:Biotechnology
Biotechnology in horses encompasses the application of biological techniques and tools to enhance equine health, performance, and reproduction. This field includes genetic engineering, cloning, and the development of vaccines and therapeutics tailored to equine physiology. Techniques such as gene editing and stem cell therapy are explored for their potential to address genetic disorders, improve tissue regeneration, and enhance disease resistance in horses. Additionally, advancements in reproductive biotechnology, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer, contribute to genetic diversity and breeding efficiency. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the applications, methodologies, and implications of biotechnology in equine science.
Genetic organization of the polymorphic equine alpha globin locus and sequence of the BII alpha 1 gene. The equine alpha globin gene complex comprises two functional alpha genes and an alpha-like pseudogene arranged in the order 5'-alpha 2-(5kb)-alpha 1-(3kb)-psi alpha-3'. A single (embryonic) zeta-like sequence lies within a 12 kb region 5' to the alpha 2 gene. We have determined the sequence of the alpha 1 gene of the BII haplotype, one of two most common haplotypes (the other being BI) which encode alpha globins with either Tyr (BI) or Phe (BII) at codon 24 in both linked alpha genes. In BI and BII the non-allelic alpha 2 and alpha 1 genes respectively code for Gln or Lys at codon 60, thus ac...
Mare lactotransferrin: purification, analysis and N-terminal sequence determination. Mare lactotransferrin has been purified and analyzed. Its molecular mass is 81 kDa. A 28 amino acid long N-terminal sequence was established and a first series of comparisons with other transferrins was performed.
Ascorbate reduction of horse heart cytochrome c. A zero-energy reduction reaction. The ascorbate reduction of horse heart ferricytochrome c in 0.05 M phosphate + 0.25 M sodium sulfate, at pH 7.3, as a function of temperature, 12-36 degrees C, and at alkaline pH 8.4 using stopped flow technique has been examined. The data have been analyzed in terms of a two-step mechanism, binding followed by reduction (Myer, Y.P., Thallam, K.K., and Pande, A. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 9666-9673). At neutral pH and up to about 26 degrees C, the first order reduction constant is independent of temperature, i.e. with zero or near-zero activation energy. At higher temperatures, it becomes temp...
Production of monozygotic (identical) horse twins by embryo micromanipulation. The blastomeres of 192- to 8-cell embryos recovered surgically 1-3 days after ovulation from 23 Pony mares were mechanically separated and inserted, in various combinations, into evacuated pig zonae pellucidae to make 27 'half' and 17 'quarter' micromanipulated embryos. These were embedded in agar and cultured in vivo in the ligated oviducts of ewes for 3.5-5 days to allow development to the late morula/early blastocyst stage. Subsequent surgical or non-surgical transfer of 13 'half' and 17 'quarter' embryos to mares resulted in 10 established pregnancies, including 2 monozygotic pairs. Surgic...
A “standard horse” for use in physiologically based mathematical modelling. Standard data for the horse which can be used in physiologically based mathematical computer modelling are presented. The data includes figures for tissue mass, density and perfusion, obtained by measurement mainly from horses weighing 200 to 300 kg. Other related parameters such as mean transit times and tissue blood volume have been calculated and included in the actual values listed for a 250 kg horse.
Natural protease inhibitors: qualitative and quantitative assay by fibrinogen-agarose electrophoresis. An electrophoretic procedure for the qualitative and quantitative assay of protein protease inhibitors is reported. This assay is particularly suited for investigations of crude biological materials when specific antisera are not available. The supporting medium consists of agarose into which denatured fibrinogen is incorporated as the substrate for proteases. The processing then is divided into two steps: (1) electrophoretic resolution of the inhibitor containing material and (2) detection of the inhibitor bands through their protease inhibiting activity. The inhibitor position is thus made v...
Xenogeneic monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens of equine lymphocytes. Monoclonal antibodies to equine lymphocyte antigens were produced, using normal peripheral blood lymphocytes as the immunogen and standard hybridoma techniques. Antibody producing hybridomas were detected by a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies produced by 6 cloned hybrids were characterized further by microlymphocytotoxicity, indirect immunofluorescence, and agglutination assays on peripheral blood lymphocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. Reaction patterns on leukocytes indicated that these antibodies may recognize at least 3 different cell-surface antigens: (1) an ant...
GuHC1 induced unfolding-folding transition of a hinge-bending protein: horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase. The unfolding-folding transition of phosphoglycerate kinase induced by GuHC1 was studied at equilibrium. Various signals were used to follow the transition: fluorescence emission, difference spectra, circular dichroism and enzymatic activity. The non-coincidence of transition curves obtained from different structural parameters indicate a deviation from a two-state process. The view that structural domains behave as independent "folding units" is critically discussed.
[Monoclonal antibodies directed against equine blood group antigens]. The chief application of blood typing in domestic animals is in the verification of parentage. However, the acquisition of good standardized reagents in sufficient quantity remains an obstacle for the development of this work. The production of monoclonal antibodies directed against blood group determinants offers an attractive means of improving both the quality and quantity of serological reagents, and could facilitate the definition of new specificities. Fusions between a mouse myeloma line and splenocytes from mice immunized with horse red cells have resulted in four hybridomas producing a...
Quantitation of serum phospholipase A2 by enzyme-diffusion in lecithin agar gels. A comparative study in man and animals. A sensitive gel-diffusion assay for determination of phospholipase A was developed. PLA standards, serum, faecal and pancreas homogenate samples with PLA-activity were allowed to diffuse from wells into agar-gels containing lecithin-membranes. The turbidity cleared radially upon PLA-activity. The diameters of the cleared zones showed a linear relationship with the log of the enzyme concentration. Serum samples resulted in some turbidity within the cleared zones. This interference originating from serum lipoproteins could be abolished by hydrophobic absorption. The gel-diffusion method was comp...
A distinct environment for iron (III) in the complex with horse spleen apoferritin observed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Cell-specific variations in apoferritin structure correlate with variations in iron metabolism that suggest functional specificity of the protein shell. Using EPR spectroscopy, we previously showed that vanadyl binds to specific sites on apoferritin, and that VO2+ binding is reduced by Fe(II) and Fe(III) (the natural substrates) and by metals known to influence iron storage (Chasteen, N. D., and Theil, E. C. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7672-7677). Such observations suggest that the metal-binding site is important to apoferritin function and may define a location where the influence of cell-spec...
Isolation and partial characterization of equine alveolar macrophages. A device was constructed from an equine nasogastric tube, polyethylene tubing, and a 3-way stopcock and used to lavage the lungs of anesthetized ponies. The technique was safe and atraumatic in that 6.4 to 19.7 X 10(7) purified alveolar macrophages were removed from the lungs without harm to the ponies or contamination of the samples with blood. Studies of these highly purified cell suspensions revealed a mean viability of 85% as assessed by eosin dye exclusion with a mean recovery (+/- SD) of 12.5 +/- 4.8 X 10(7) pulmonary alveolar macrophages/pony.
Mechanical properties of equine hoof wall tissue. The mechanical properties of pigmented equine hoof wall tissue were determined for samples taken from the inner and outer portions of the stratum medium of the toe. Two properties, the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit, which are measures of the rigidity and yield point, respectively, of the tissue, were studied for samples compressed in 3 orthogonal directions. All samples tested were anisotropic. Inner wall samples were less rigid and had a lower yield point than outer wall samples.
Intra- and interspecific embryo transfer. The procedures that are collectively referred to as embryo transfer (ET) have many uses. They were first used as research tools to study fetal-maternal physiology. Since the first successful mammalian embryo transfer in 1890, ET has been utilized for enhancement of genetic selection; diagnosis and treatment of infertility; control of infectious disease transmission; screening for genetic defects; propagation of rare and endangered species; and the study of developmental biology. Most of the embryo transfers have been intraspecific. A listing of the species includes rabbit, rat, sheep, mouse, g...
High-performance liquid affinity chromatography on silica-bound alcohol dehydrogenase. Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was immobilized on glycerylpropyl-silica (10 micron, 1000-A pores) activated with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride (tresyl chloride). The coupling and activity yield was almost 100%. The coenzyme-binding sites were equivalent and virtually unaffected by the immobilization process, as judged from Scatchard plots and active-site titrations. The silica-bound enzyme, packed in steel columns, was integrated with HPLC equipment and then successfully used for chromatography of adenine nucleosides, adenine nucleotides, and triazine dyes. Dissociation constants w...
Sodium and potassium ion-dependent change in oligomerization of Na,K-ATPase in C12E8 detected by low-angle laser light scattering technique in combination with high performance porous silica-gel chromatography. Approximate molecular weights and the subunit structures of Na,K-ATPase from horse kidney were estimated by means of the combination of porous silica gel chromatography, laser light scattering (LS) and refractive index (RI) measurements in C12E8. When the enzymes were eluted with NaCl- or KCl-containing solution, 3 or 4 protein peaks, respectively were detected except that of low molecular weight range. These peaks were tentatively named Na-1, Na-2, Na-2', Na-3 (NaCl-containing eluents), K-1, K-2, K-3 (KCl-containing eluents), respectively. Na,K-ATPase and K-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activities...
Simplified technique for histochemical determination of three fiber types in equine skeletal muscle. For determination of 3 muscle fiber types in equine skeletal muscle, a comparison of 2 preincubation buffers, each followed by myosin adenosine triphosphatase staining, was made. Serial sections of the muscle samples (n = 75) were preincubated in an acid buffer (pH 4.6) or a formaldehyde-glycine buffer (pH 7.25) and then were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase. Differentiation of muscle fibers into type I, IIA, and IIB was identical with both techniques; however, in the samples prepared at pH 4.6, type I fibers were black; type IIA, light gray; and type IIB, dark gray. In the samples ...
Native American medicinal plants. Anemonin from the horse stimulant Clematis hirsutissima. Anemonin, the dilactone of cyclobutane-1,2-diol-1,2-diacrylic acid derived from the cyclodimerization of protoanemonin, a known blistering agent, was isolated from Clematis hirsutissima, a plant used by the Nez Perce and Teton Sioux nations as a horse stimulant.
[Study of conformational changes in alcohol dehydrogenase during its interaction with silochrome adsorbent by the EPR spectroscopy method]. The possible use of EPR spectroscopy (spin labelling) for the study of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with a silochrome adsorbent is discussed. The rotatory diffusion of nitroxyl labels chemically linked to the enzyme was studied with reference to the time of the enzyme incubation with the adsorbent and the degree of its accumulation on the adsorbent surface. The mobility of nitroxyl radicals attached to the protein globules was shown to increase with time. It was concluded that the conformation of the enzyme molecules changes during their interaction with the adsorbent.
Adaptation of human diploid fibroblasts in vitro to serum from different sources. The growth of two human diploid skin fibroblast cell lines, originally grown in medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum and later adapted to medium supplemented with newborn bovine, bovine calf or horse serum, has been studied. Prolonged generation times increased cell volumes and decreased plating efficiencies were observed in cultures grown in newborn bovine, bovine calf or horse serum. In general, the deleterious effects were most severe as a result of growth in bovine calf or horse serum. In the light of the present findings, we believe investigators should exert great caution in swit...
[Genetic research in the field of reproductive pathology and genetic prophylaxis in agricultural animals in the Socialist Republic of Romania]. The paper presents the results of some genetic studies accomplished in Romania in the field of pathology of reproduction in domestic animals (pseudohermaphroditism in horses, testicular hypoplasia in he-goats, intersexuality in pigs, freemartinism and genital infantilism in cattle). Also, the use of the cytogenetic test in genetic prophylaxis in pigs and cattle was shown. In addition, the methods for detecting genitors with undesirable genes were devised and perspectives for the development of hereditary hygiene discussed.
The genetic control of antibody formation. Studies of the molecular biology of lymphoid cells have markedly increased our understanding of how millions of different antibodies can be synthesized by a single animal. To date, the most detailed understanding has been achieved for the mouse, primarily because of the relatively greater experimental availability of this species. These studies, as well as those involving other species, have shown that the complete genes for antibody polypeptide chains are assembled from disparate genetic elements which are originally widely separated in the genome. The assembly process itself, together with t...
Difference in sizes of human compared to murine alpha-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones arises by four-codon gene deletion or insertion. The sizes of the human and subhuman alpha-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones differ by four amino acids (hCG alpha, 92 amino acids; murine, equine, bovine, and ovine alpha, 96 amino acids). The shortening of the human alpha-subunit has been attributed to posttranslational proteolysis. We have recently determined the nucleotide sequences of the mRNAs encoding the precursors of the alpha-subunit of mouse TSH and rat gonadotropins using recombinant DNA techniques. In this report, we have compared these nucleotide sequences and their deduced amino acid sequences with those of the pre- alpha-sub...
