The study of blood in horses encompasses the examination of its components, functions, and its role in equine health and disease. Blood consists of various elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each serving specific functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, clotting, and nutrient distribution. Analyzing blood parameters can provide insights into the physiological and pathological states of horses. Common blood tests in equine medicine assess parameters like hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and white cell counts to monitor health status, diagnose conditions, and guide treatment decisions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the composition, function, and clinical applications of blood analysis in horses.
Milne DW, Skarda RT, Gabel AA, Smith LG, Ault K.Effects of training at a regular, fixed, standard exercise load on venous lactic acid, mixed venous and arterial blood gases and pH, and serum muscle enzymes were determined on previously unconditioned, healthy, adult, Standardbred horses. Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, pH, and serum muscle enzymes did not change in a consistent manner during training. Venous lactic acid concentrations did increase significantly with training and may be of value for the biochemical evaluation of fitness in horses.
Bisgard GE, Forster HV, Orr JA, Buss DD, Rawlings CA, Rasmussen B.Seven ponies were subjected to carotid body denervation (CD) and two ponies were sham operated (S). Measurement of arterial blood gases and arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance were made prior to and 1,2,4,9, and 17 wks after surgery in unanesthetized animals. Resting ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia and NaCN infusion were assessed prior to and 2,9, and 17 wks after surgery. Alveolar hypoventilation in the CD ponies was marked 1-2 wk after surgery when VE and VA were reduced 40% and 10%, respectively, from control and PaCO2 was 12-15 mmHg above co...
Dubin A, Koj A, Chudzik J.Cytoplasmic granules were isolated from horse blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes by the heparin method and extracted with 0.9% NaCl by repeated freezing. Soluble proteins were separated on a column of Sephadex G-75 followed by chromatography on a column of CM-Sephadex with a NaCl gradient. Gel filtration, density-gradient centrifugation, isoelectric focusing and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 7.0 and at pH 4.5 were used to determine molecular parameters of proteinases. Three enzymes hydrolysing both casein and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine nitrophenyl est...
Douglas RH, Ginther OJ.Prostaglandins F were quantitated by radioimmunoassay in uterine venous plasma of anesthetized mares on day 7 of estrus, days 2, 6, 10, 14 or 18 of diestrus and days 10, 14 or 18 of pregnancy. The PGF concentration was greater (P less than .01) at day 14 of diestrus than at all other days studied. The concentrations at days 10 and 18 of diestrus and at days 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy were greater (P less than .05) than at day 7 of estrus and days 2 and 6 of diestrus. PGF concentrations at days 10 and 14 were greater (P less than .01) for diestrous than for pregnant mares.
Balun J, Sutta J, Janda J.In this paper the haemocoagulative effect of the Vasolamin preparation was examined after intravenous application in cattle, sheep, and horses by means of tests. After a laboratory confirmation of the coagulative effect of the tested preparation we used it for the purpose of haemostasis in the clinical practice. After an administration of the preparation faster coagulation of the blood was observed in all examined animals. The setting in of the effect could be observed already after 5 minutes, the maximum effect was recorded between the 15th and 30th minutes after application, and the effect l...
Nitschelm D, Van der Horst CJ.The hormonal pattern in the blood of eight mares was studied during the first 5 to 6 weeks of pregnancy; in two of the eight animals early embryonic death was established on D-28 and on D-40, respectively. Progesterone peaks were found in the blood around D-5, D-12 to D-10, and D-17 to D-18. It is suggested that the decrease of the progesterone concentrations in the blood during the intermediate periods is due to the action of oestrogens. During the period from D-18 to about D-34 the concentrations both of progesterone and of pregnenolone were low in the pregnant mares. Thereafter a small incr...
Komárek J, Stros K, Sýkora I, Kynclová I, Jadrný L, Selinger P.By means of the Astrup equilibration method the values of the acid-base balance of the blood were determined in 104 cows, 99 horses, 100 pigs, 15 sheep, 20 goats, and in 101 dogs. The pH values of the blood, the partial pressure of CO2, the base excess, the base buffer, the standard bicarbonate, the actual bicarbonate, and the total CO2 were processed statistically and are presented in tables.
Frerichs WM, Holbrook AA, Allen PC.Twenty Shetland ponies, 6 to 7 months old, were naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and stomach bots. The ponies were allotted to 2 groups of 10 and were maintained on separate similar pastures that were free of infective larvae at the beginning of the study. The ponies in 1 group were treated monthly for 17 months with a therapeutic dose of a thiabendazole and piperazine mixture; those in the other group were not treated. During the 3rd and 5th months of the experiment, the ponies in the treated group were also given therapeutic doses of dichlorvos to remove bots. Various physi...
Smith JE, Agar NS.Anaemic horses do not provide reticulocytes during an erythropietic response. Acute blood loss was studied in 4 ponies as a model to monitor changes in erythrocyte metabolism during active erythropoiesis. Following phlebotomy, erythrocyte adenosine-5-triphosphate, adenosine-5-diphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate increased signifcantly. The remaining glycolytic intermediates did not change. It is suggested that the determination of erythrocyte adenosine-5-triphosphate may be used to evaluate erythrocyte response following acute blood loss in the horse....
Anwer MS, Chapman TE, Gronwall R.Variables of glucose metabolism determined by the use of [U-14C]glucose were compared in fed and fasted ponies. Relative recycling of glucose carbon with respect to tritium in fed animals was negligible for 6-T and 3-T and 16% for 2-T studies; in fasted animals relative recycling was 12 and 14% for 6-T and 3-T studies, respectively. Minimal mass of total-body glucose decreased significantly in the fasted ponies. Based on relative recycling of carbon to tritium, a negligible fraction of plasma glucose was produced via the Cori cycle or from glycerol in fed ponies; recycled tricarbon units contr...
Bodurov N, Filipov Zh.Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher ra...
Targowski SP.All chronically diarrheal horses given (orally) 2 series of treatments with normal horse serum recovered in 2 to 4 weeks. However, mild diarrhea sometimes persisted several months in the group of horses with severe diarrhea. Weight gains were approximately 35% in horses with severe diarrhea and approximately 10% in horses with mild diarrhea. Serum specimens from 12 diarrheal and 20 normal horses were examined for immunoglobulins by single radial immunodiffusion technique. Concentration of immunoglobulin A in serum of diarrheal horses was approximately 50% lower than that in serum of normal hor...
The Journal of heredityJanuary 1, 1976
Volume 67, Issue 1 6-10 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108667
Trommershausen-Smith A, Suzuki Y, Stormont C.The chestnut rule in equine coat-color genetics asserts that the inter se mating of chestnut horses never produces bay, black, brown or gray offspring. The gray rule asserts that a gray offspring must have at least one gray parent. Nine alleged exceptions to the chestnut rule, all involving bay offspring, and eight alleged exceptions to the gray rule, including four offspring that were also exceptions to the chestnut rule, were examined for parent-offspring genetic incompatibilities in as many as 17 genetic systems of blood-group markers. In all except one of the 17 cases it was possible to sh...
Sharma OP.The concentrations of PGF-2alpha in the peripheral blood of five foaling mares were measured by radioimmunoassay. Low levels of PGF-2alpha were detected as early as 1 week before foaling in two of the mares. These levels increased steadily, reaching a peak (1-74 +/- 0-44 ng/ml) during fetal expulsion. A relatively high PGF-2alpha level was found in samples collected 60 min after foaling.
Douglas RH, Garcia MC, Ginther OJ.Luteolysis, determined by corpus luteum weight and progesterone concentration in jugular blood, occurred in uterine-intact and in hysterectomized mares after injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or of an antiserum against an equine pituitary fraction. Results indicated that luteolytic effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2alpha and inhibition of the endogenous luteotrophic activity of the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by antiserum did not involve the uterus.
Tomasgard G, Benjaminsen E.Sixtyfour mares were examined 3 and 6 weeks after mating. Progesterone was measured in 22 mares 3 weeks after mating in order to see if this could be of any help in the oestrous diagnosis. None of the pregnant mares had plasma progesterone below 2 ng/ml. Pregnant mares that did not show oestrus had higher levels of plasma progesterone than pregnant mares showing signs of oestrus 3 weeks after mating. Clinical findings in pregnant and nonpregnant mares 3 weeks after mating is compared, and oestrus in pregnant mares is discussed.
Schotman AJ, Wensing T, Ockels J, de Bruyne JJ, Hendriks HJ.To examine the suitability and reliability in field use of the "Merckognost Harnstoff" method in estimating the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs, the levels determined by this procedure were compared with those determined by an enzymatic (urease) photometric method widely used in laboratories. It was concluded from the results obtained that estimation using the "Merckognost Harnstoff" is sufficiently reliable for the rapid assay of urea in the blood under field conditions.
Filipović N, Stojević Z, Plevnik N, Mašek T, Prvanović N, Tuček Z.The concentrations of carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), osteocalcin (OCN), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) were measured in the blood serum of two age groups of mares during late pregnancy (70-50 days before foaling), during early lactation and at the peak of lactation (10-30 and 55-80 days after foaling, respectively). During late pregnancy, the PTH was higher in older (8-19 years old), compared to younger animals (3.5-4 years old) (P < 0.05). The OCN was higher in younger group during late pregnancy (P < 0.05). IGF-I was...
Caltabilota TJ, Milizio JG, Malone S, Kenney JD, McKeever KH.The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that sucralfate, a gastric ulcer medication, would alter plasma concentrations of total carbon dioxide (tCO2), lactate (LA), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and total protein (TP), as well as calculated plasma strong ion difference (SID) and packed cell volume (PCV) in horses subjected to a simulated race test (SRT). Six unfit Standardbred mares (approximately 520 kg, 9-18 years) were used in a randomized crossover design with the investigators blinded to the treatment given. The horses were assigned to either a control (40-50 m...
Martens RJ, Malone PS, Brust DM.Oral lactose tolerance tests were evaluated in 25 healthy foals (principals) assigned to 4 groups of approximately 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of age. Lactose monohydrate (1 g/kg of body weight [in a 20% water solution]) was administered via nasogastric tube after a 4-hour fast. Plasma glucose concentrations were monitored before dosing (0 minutes) and sequentially for 300 minutes. Six control foals were given a volume of water equivalent to the volume of lactose monohydrate administered to principal foals. After oral lactose loading, mean plasma glucose concentrations of all princi...
Kakoi H, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Hirosawa Y, Tanaka S, Nagata SI.To confirm the positive conversion of antibodies against erythrocyte antigens in horses, possible blood transfusion donor horses selected from draft horse populations were periodically monitored with an indirect antiglobulin (Coombs) test for approximately 3 years. In this study, 19 horses (16 females and 3 males) were investigated, and five mares showed alloantibodies during the monitoring period. Four mares were typically pregnant when positive conversion was detected, whereas no particular cause of conversion could be observed for one mare based on its clinical records. In the analyzed hors...
Brotherton HO, Yost RA.A screening and confirmation procedure for drugs and metabolites in the blood serum and urine of racing animals was developed. Equine blood serum was spiked with low concentrations of several drugs of interest. Canine blood serum and urine were collected following oral doses of diethylcarbamazine, procaine, and phenylbutazone. Serum, urine, and extracts of each were analyzed, using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Simultaneous screening of up to 50 drugs was possible in a single sample, in less than 2 minutes. Detection limits for most compounds were in the ng/ml to microgram/ml range, u...
Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH, Muir WW.The systemic haemodynamic and acid-base effects of the administration of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg kg-1 intravenously) to standing and running horses were investigated. Phenylbutazone, or a placebo, was administered to each of six mares either 15 minutes before, or after 30 minutes of a 60-minute submaximal exercise test which elicited heart rates approximately 55 per cent of maximal, and to the same horses at rest. The variables examined included the cardiac output, heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, right atrial and right ventricular pressures, and arterial and mixed venous ...
Song JW, Na KS, Tae SH, Kim YK.During the last two decades, Borna disease virus (BDV) has received much attention as a possible zoonotic agent, particularly as a cause of psychiatric disease. Although several studies have shown that BDV is present in Asia, BDV has not been detected in Korea. This study was designed to further investigate the presence of BDV infection in Korea. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 39 race horses and 48 jockeys. Antibody to BDV was detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and RNA of BDV by real time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR). Results: No evidence of BDV was detected i...
Garza F, Thompson DL, St George RL, Reville-Moroz SI.Eight long-term ovariectomized pony mares were treated with either dihydrotestosterone (DHT) benzoate (400 micrograms/kg body weight) in safflower oil or an equivalent amount of oil every other day for 21 d to determine the effects of DHT on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in blood samples drawn once daily and after administration of three successive injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The GnRH injections were given at 4-h intervals on the day following the last DHT or oil injection. Treatment with DHT benzoate did not alter (P gr...
Soma LR, Uboh CE, Nann L, Gerber AL.The administration of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or 'milk shakes' to Standardbred horses before racing is widespread. This study analysed nonrace day (CTL) and prerace venous acid-base values from Standardbred horses racing in Pennsylvania (PA) and New Jersey (NJ). Mean +/- s.d. CTL bicarbonate (HCO3) and base excess (BE) values, for a group of horses stabled during the 1993 racing season at Pocono Downs, Pennsylvania, were 28.6 +/- 1.9 and 2.6 +/- 1.7 mmol/l, respectively. In the same population of horses, mean +/- s.d. values for prerace HCO3- and BE values were 33.1 +/- 2.8 and 7.0 +/- 2.3...
Dunlop CI, Hodgson DS, Watson JW, Gillespie JR, Steffey EP, Jackson AC.High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is a recently developed mode of ventilation that delivers small tidal volumes at frequencies greater than 60 cycles per min via an injection catheter to the animal's airway. The construction of a high frequency jet ventilator suitable for use in adult horses is described. The effectiveness of this ventilator in maintaining normal arterial blood-gas tension was evaluated in five healthy adult horses. The horses were anaesthetised with intravenous acetylpromazine, guaifenesin, and thiamylal, positioned in lateral recumbency and baseline measurements were mad...
Horteloup MP, Threlfall WR, Funk JA.The horse early conception factor (ECF) test is designed for qualitative determination of the ECF glycoprotein in the mare that has conceived. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance of the horse ECF test for the detection of the non-pregnant mare, and to determine the agreement among subjects or "readers" regarding the interpretation of the test. Blood samples from 60 mares were collected on Days 0, 5, 8, 11 and 18 following ovulation. Pregnancy status diagnosed with the ECF test was compared (2 x 2 table) to pregnancy status diagnosed by palpation per rectum and ultras...
Levine RA, Hart AH, Wardlaw SC.Using quantitative buffy coat analysis (QBCA), rapid and accurate measurements can be made of the erythrocyte PCV, total WBC count, and platelet count, and the leukocyte population can be differentiated into total granulocytes (including quantitation of eosinophils), and lymphocytes and monocytes. The QBCA is performed by placing a blood sample (50 to 111 microliters) into a high-precision-bore microhematocrit tube that contains a freely moving, closely fitting, cylindrical plastic float. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the buffy coat components separate by density. The plastic cylinder fl...
Divers TJ, Radcliffe RM, Cook VL, Bookbinder LC, Hurcombe SDA.Blood products, crystalloids, and colloid fluids are used in the medical treatment of severe hemorrhage in horses with a goal of providing sufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. The fluid treatments for hemorrhage will vary depending upon severity and duration and whether hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. Methods: With acute and severe controlled hemorrhage, treatment is focused on rapidly increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to vital organs. This can most easily be accomplished in field cases by the administration of hypertonic saline. If isotonic crystallo...
Hubbell JA, Hinchcliff KW, Grosenbaugh DA, Beard WL, Beard LA.Frusemide reduces pulmonary vascular pressures in resting horses and attenuates exercise-induced increases in these pressures in exercising horses. The mechanism underlying these effects of frusemide is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the haemodynamic effects of frusemide are dependent on diuresis by examining the effect of frusemide in anaesthetised horses in which diuresis was prevented by ligation of ureters. Twenty four horses were assigned randomly to one of 4 treatments: 1) frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt i.v.) and intact ureters; 2) frusemide and ligated ureters; 3) saline placebo and lig...
Ralston SL, Baile CA.The hypothesis that changes in blood glucose concentrations and(or) utilization rate affect feeding behavior in ponies was tested. Ponies (n = 4) were fasted for 4 h, then given iv injections of 50% glucose [.2 g glucose/BW.75 kg (low dose, LD) or 1.0 g glucose/BW.75 kg (high dose, HD)] or an equal volume of normal saline (HDS; LDS) 5 min before being allowed access to pelleted feed. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals pre- and post-treatment and analyzed for plasma glucose (PG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon concentrations. All glucose-treated animals immediately ate mea...
Burkhard MJ, Baxter G, Thrall MA.A precipitate was observed on the blood films of horses (15 of 16) and one cow given a peritoneal infusion of 1 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) solution to prevent abdominal adhesions. The intensity of the precipitate seen 2 to 3 days post-infusion strongly correlated with the administered dose of SCMC (range 0.96 to 11.7 ml/kg). The dose given was inversely correlated with bodyweight and the most prominent precipitates were seen in foals. The precipitate was observed as early as 24 hours and persisted for as long as 9 days after SCMC administration. Fibrinogen was the only hematologica...
Olver CS, Nielsen VG.Carboxyheme and metheme states modulate hemostasis in humans and other species. Further, carbon monoxide and/or nitric oxide production increase in inflammatory disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract, with associated hypercoagulability or hypocoagulability. In particular, the horse suffers both thrombotic or coagulopathic complications during acute gastrointestinal disease. This investigation characterized the thrombelastographic response to carboxyheme (via CORM-2) or metheme (via phenylhydroxylamine, PHA) states without/with addition of tissue type plasminogen activator. Citrated pla...
Bain FT, Merritt AM.To investigate the possibility that a disorder of potassium balance may have a role in the development of equine rhabdomyolysis, the potassium concentration within erythrocytes (RBC [K+]) and plasma (P [K+]) was measured in 3 groups of horses: group 1, eight 2-year-old fillies that had postexercise muscle soreness within 48 hours of sample collection; group 2, ten 2-year-old fillies subjected to identical management and training conditions (as fillies of group 1) and that did not have signs of myopathy; and group 3, 32 yearlings of both sexes on the farm of origin of groups 1 and 2 that were p...
Fuentes VO, Gonzalez H, Sanchez V, Fuentes P, Rosiles R.The toxic effect of neomycin on the horse kidney was studied. Twelve horses were used, and were divided at random into three groups of four. The first group was treated twice a day with 10 mg/kg I.M. for 15 days and then euthanised; kidney and liver samples were studied and no histopathological changes were observed. Group 2 was treated with neomycin sulphate as in group 1, and group 3 was used as control. Blood samples were taken at 8.00 h and 20.00 h daily from both neomycin treated and control horses. Serum creatinine, potassium, sodium and urinary creatinine remained without change. On day...
Hohenhaus MU.A rapid progesterone assay for cow's milk was checked as to whether it was applicable to mares' blood plasma. The "Hygia Progesterone-Test" is an on-farm test which serves for qualitative analysis. It is generally unusable for mares' plasma but sufficiently precise only in cases of larger or smaller progesterone levels. In cases of moderate amounts of progesterone the test is imprecise. The test can be carried out quickly and easily, but the preparation of blood samples takes more time than preparation of milk samples. The test can be recommended for usage in veterinary practice only, but not ...
Nie GJ, Pope KC.Prolonged penile prolapse in horses has been reported in association with administration of phenothiazine tranquilizers, trauma, neuropathies, severe general debilitation or exhaustion, starvation, rabies, herpes myeloencephalitis, equine infectious anemia, and purpura hemorrhagica. A 5-year-old gelding was admitted for treatment of prolonged penile prolapse of 12 days' duration that developed after acepromazine maleate was administered to allow examination of a laceration that had resulted in severe blood loss. The horse was sedated, and the penis was replaced in the preputial cavity by use o...
Maxson AD, Giger U, Sweeney CR, Tomasic M, Saik JE, Donawick WJ, Cothran EG.Anemia that was secondary to ovarian hemorrhage in a 4-year-old miniature horse mare was treated prior to laparotomy with polymerized ultrapurified bovine hemoglobin (PUBH). Two previous whole-blood transfusions had resulted in acute transfusion reaction, and a suitable blood donor could not be found among 9 horses, necessitating use of the blood substitute. Subsequent blood typing revealed the mare to be Aa-negative, with allo-antibodies against Aa in serum. Serious adverse reactions were not observed after infusion of PUBH, and the mare recovered. Although the safety and efficacy of using PU...
Ozaydın T, Celik I, Sur E, Oznurlu Y, Uluısık D.We attempted to characterize the cytochemical staining patterns of leukocytes and to determine the percentages of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and acid phosphatase (ACPase) positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood of thoroughbred foals at different ages. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular veins of 60 healthy thoroughbred foals, 1 day, 3 days and 1 year old. Each age group included 10 male and 10 female animals. Peroxidase (PO) activity was detected in neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Lymphocytes were negative for PO staining. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was o...
Knight PK, Ray SP, Rose RJ.Because the haemoglobin concentration Hb[ during exercise may be at the upper limit of blood viscosity for effective oxygen delivery, we hypothesised that administration of blood would not further enhance oxygen delivery or exercise capacity. Six Thoroughbred geldings were used in 5 incremental treadmill exercise tests over a period of 4 weeks. The first test was performed 6 days prior to phlebotomy, which involved the removal of 20 ml/kg bwt of venous blood. Exercise tests were performed at 1, 8 and 15 days after blood removal. Six days after the 15 day post phlebotomy exercise test, blood fr...
Broström H, Troye-Bomberg M, Perlmann P.To analyze in vitro lymphocyte-mediated immune responses of horses with sarcoids against allogeneic sarcoid cells containing endogenous retrovirus but not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens. Methods: Lymphocyte-mediated immune reactions were assessed by means of proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against various equine target cells. Methods: 12 horses with sarcoid tumors and 15 control horses. Methods: Blood lymphocytes were cocultured in MLTC with allogeneic sarcoid cells (Mc-1, BayMc-1), equine te...
Scott EA, Sandler GA.Electromagnetic blood flowmeters and flow probes are used to measure blood flow in blood vessels throughout the circulatory system. The principle of this measuring device is based on laws of electromagnetic induction discovered in the 19th century. The instrument has been predominantly used in research, but is presently used in human cardiovascular units to measure blood flow in blood vessels, and in prosthesis in conjection with cardiovascular surgical procedures. Electromagnetic flow equipment provides the most accurate measurement (in vivo) of blood flow available, both for acute and chroni...
Allen AL, Myers SL, Searcy GP, Fretz PB.The Hematologic values of 19 equine fetuses between 202 and 238 days gestation were compared with those of their dams. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly lower in fetal blood, while the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and red cell distribution width were significantly higher. Mares had a significantly higher nucleated blood cell count than fetuses, and all nucleated cells were leukocytes (WBC). Most WBC in mare blood were segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes. In contrast, ...
Nitschelm D, van der Horst CJ.The effect of orally administered chlormadinone acetate (CAP), 10 mg daily for a period of 16 days, was investigated in the case of four mares with an irregular oestrous pattern accompanied by low ovarian activity (group 1), four mares which did not show oestrous symptoms at all and which had also low ovarian activity (group 2), and two ovariectomized and two ovario-hysterectomized mares (group 3). In all mares of group 1 and in the two ovariectomized mares of group 3 oestrus symptoms became apparent during treatment. Two mares of group 2 came into heat 8 and 11 days after the cessation of tre...
Weiser MG.Using a single channel electronic cell counter and attached particle size analyzer, leukocyte size distribution histograms were determined on canine, feline, bovine, and equine blood diluted with chloride-based diluent and treated with a conventional stromatolysin. Histograms were usually unimodal, but a few were bimodal. Mean values for mean lysed leukocyte particle volume were 49.2, 51.1, 55.4, and 65.0 fl for canine, feline, equine, and bovine blood, respectively. From inspection of histograms, a lower threshold of 30 fl referenced to latex spheres was interpreted to be appropriate for coun...
Zapata GL, Britos RM, Pintos ME, Dreizzen E, Lausada NB, Arauz S.The objective of this paper was to determine the physiological values of urea nitrogen and creatinine in tears, and to compare the results with those obtained from serum. Thirty healthy thoroughbred horses were included in the study. Tear fluid samples were obtained using a glass capillary tube placed in lower conjunctival cul-de-sac. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. Tear and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were quantitatively analyzed by an enzymatic colorimetric method. Urea nitrogen values were 4.22+/-1.84 mmol/l in tears and 4.44+/-1.78 mmol/l in serum, whereas cre...
