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Topic:Cells
The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Single step purification procedure for the rapid separation of equine leucocytes. Percoll gradients have been used to separate relatively pure populations of viable equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells. In preliminary studies, a continuous density gradient of 70% Percoll solution was used to separate two distinct leucocyte-rich bands. After measurement of the density of each band on the continuous gradient, discontinuous Percoll gradients, using 60% and 75% Percoll solutions, were used to provide a rapid means of separating PMN and MN cells. The yield of viable cells per ml of blood was 3.0 X 10(6) and 3.2 X 10(6) for MN and PMN cells, respectively. Cor...
Cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum using animal serum (horse, calf and bovine) as human serum substitute. Horse, calf and bovine serum were successfully used as human serum substitutes in the in vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. Positive results were obtained only after gradually adapting the parasites to the substitute serum. Adapted lines were established within 4-5 weeks. 10% horse serum was observed to be the best substitute with growth rates comparable or even surprising that obtained in human serum. Pure calf or bovine serum supported stable growths of 20-30% less which was enhanced to comparable levels after addition of 1% glucose-peptone to the medium. Direct transfers of adapted...
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of equine type I interferons. Using human interferon-alpha 2 (IFN-alpha 2) and IFN-beta DNA to probe an equine genomic library we isolated recombinant phages containing genes for equine interferon-alpha (EqIFN-alpha), interferon-beta (EqIFN-beta), and interferon-omega (EqIFN-omega). Sequence and hybridization analyses of these genes reveal that the equine genome contains gene families of each of these three type I interferon classes. The mature proteins of EqIFN-alpha are 71-77% homologous to human IFN-alpha polypeptides, and, when expressed in E. coli, possess antiviral activity on both equine and human cells. By contrast...
Cell types in the pineal gland of the horse: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. A combined ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study was performed on the pineal gland of the horse in order to identify the cell types present and describe their characteristics. Comparisons have been made with other mammals. Two main cell types are present: pinealocytes and glial cells. Pinealocytes display different degrees of electron density in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, yet no ultrastructural feature supports the idea of separate populations. Putative secretory materials are stored in vesicles related to the Golgi apparatus. A variety of electron-dense bodies are present in the cy...
[Concentration of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in a 2-phase system of water-soluble polymers]. A three-step concentration of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus from tissue culture fluid was carried out in a two-phase system of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)--sodium dextran sulphate (SDS). The concentration method was based on the dependence of virus distribution coefficient upon NaCl content in the system which allowed alternating transfer of the virus from one phase of the system into the other. The infectious activity of the virus increased approximately 100-fold after the first step, 190-fold after the second, and 300-fold after the third step. The process of concentration was...
A study of roles of evolutionarily invariant proline 30 and glycine 34 of cytochrome c. The previous studies (Juillerat, M. A., and Taniuchi, H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 2697-2711), using a three-fragment complex (1-25)H X (28-38) X (39-104) of horse cytochrome c, have shown that invariant leucine 32 and partially invariant leucine 35, both buried in the interior, exhibit a striking difference in perturbation of binding fragment (28-38) by substitution with isoleucine. Then the idea has been proposed that the energy states of leucine 32, the Met-80-S-heme-Fe bond and other distant residues such as tryptophan 59 would be coupled to generate extra force while leucine 35 would be ...
Comparative studies of the binding and growth-supportive ability of mammalian transferrins in human cells. The ability of human-derived cells in culture to bind, remove iron from, and grow in the presence of transferrins (Tf) isolated from the sera of species commonly included in tissue culture medium was investigated. Kinetic studies on HeLa cells reveal apparent first-order association rate constants of 0.43 min-1 for human Tf and 0.15 min-1 for equine Tf. Labeled chicken ovo-Tf and fetal bovine Tf were not recognized by the HeLa cells. Competition experiments with HeLa cells that use either isolated Tf or parent serum confirm these findings. Equilibrium binding experiments performed on HeLa cell...
A quantitative study of Sertoli cell and germ cell populations as related to sexual development and aging in the stallion. Testes from 47 stallions, 1-20 yr of age, were used to examine the influence of age on Sertoli and germ cell populations as well as on functional activity of Sertoli cells. For these stallions, the number of Sertoli cells per paired testes declined linearly with age, and was only 41.7% as great at age 20 as at age 2. However, development of reproductive organs proceeded until age 12-13, as evident from increases in paired testes weight and quantitative rates of spermatozoal production. Although the absolute number of Sertoli cells declined during this period of development, individual Sertoli ...
Equine arteritis virus-induced polypeptide synthesis. Intracellular virus-specific proteins induced by equine arteritis virus (EAV) have been compared with in vitro translation products of virion and intracellular EAV RNAs. In infected BHK-21 cells, the two major virion proteins (C and E1) and polypeptides with mol. wt. of 60,000 (p60), 42,000 (p42) and 30,000 (p30) were found. There were no indications that the viral proteins were processed from a larger precursor as shown by pulse-chase, amino acid analogue and protease inhibitor experiments. The six polyadenylated RNAs that occur in EAV-infected cells were isolated and translated in an mRNA-de...
Pi granules and related intracytoplasmic inclusions in equine Schwann cells. Suchwann cells from a variety of nerves in two adult horses and one adult pony contained perinuclear intracytoplasmic inclusion complexes consisting of lipid droplets, variably electron-dense rounded to elongated bodies and rod-shaped multilamellar structures. The latter were characteristic of pi granules of Reich. There were no significant axonal or myelin alterations associated with these inclusions. It was concluded that the inclusions are a component of normal equine Schwann cells.
Morphogenesis of Berne virus (proposed family Toroviridae). In equine dermis cells infected with Berne virus particles were first detected 10 h after infection. Virions were encountered in all parts of the Golgi system and, infrequently, in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A unique form of budding of preassembled rigid tubular nucleocapsids was demonstrated. Masses of tubular nucleocapsids of a lesser diameter and electron density were prominent in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected cells. Within the Golgi system and cytoplasmic cisternae virions appeared as straight or slightly curved rods. Extremely long, aberrant virions (250 nm) were occasio...
Triplet-singlet energy transfer in the complex of auramine O with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Triplet-singlet energy transfer has been studied in the complex formed between auramine O (AO) and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase with optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy. The results show that Trp-15 and Tyr residues transfer triplet energy mainly by a trivial process, whereas Trp-314 transfers triplet energy by a Förster process with two observed lifetimes at 77 K of 170 and 50 ms. The different Förster energy-transfer lifetimes are ascribed either to quenching of the two Trp-314 residues of the dimer by a single asymmetrically bound AO or to two distinct conformat...
An unusual pattern of Na+ and K+ movements across the horse erythrocyte membrane. Marked differences in the activities of three monovalent cation transport systems in horse versus human erythrocytes are reported. Whereas horse erythrocytes exhibit a 6-fold higher sodium-lithium countertransport, the unidirectional flux of potassium through the sodium pump is 3-4 times slower and the sodium-potassium cotransport system cannot be detected. In spite of this, horse and human cells are able to maintain similar Na+ and K+ gradients.
Equine endothelial cells in vitro. Certain in vitro culture conditions were determined for equine endothelial cells obtained from the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Cells were enzymatically isolated from the vessel lumen, using clostridial collagenase (2.5 mg/ml of Hanks's balanced salt solution) incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Cells were cultured in alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with plasma-derived and nonplasma-derived bovine fetal sera, endothelial cell-growth supplement, heparin, and antibiotics. Smooth muscle cell growth was not inhibited with nonplasma-derived animal sera, plasma-derived equine serum, or he...
In vitro interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 and 2. Interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 (EHV-1) and 2 (EHV-2) was studied in equine dermis (ED) monolayer cell cultures and equine lymphocyte cultures. Cell cultures were infected with EHV-2, and after a short incubation period, the cultures were superinfected with EHV-1. At various intervals, different measurements of EHV-1 expression in dually infected cultures, compared with those in cultures infected with EHV-1 alone, were studied. In dually infected ED cell cultures, the EHV-1 cytopathic effect, EHV-1 titer, and EHV-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen titer were maximally ...
Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of cytochrome c: assignment of the N-terminal helix. The 1H resonances of 11 sequential amino acids in the N-terminal helix of horse ferrocytochrome c were studied by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. All the main-chain protons from Lys-5 through Ala-15 and many of the side-chain protons were assigned. J-Correlated spectroscopy (COSY) was used to distinguish protons on neighboring bonds and to recognize amino acid types. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) was used to define spatially contiguous protons and to determine amino acid sequence neighbors. The relayed coherence experiment (relay COSY) was used to resolv...
Antibodies to surface antigens of pigmented cells in animals with vitiligo. All of 24 animals (dogs, cats, and horses) with vitiligo were found to have antibodies to pigmented cells that could be detected by specific immunoprecipitation of radioiodinated, detergent-soluble surface macromolecules, and by indirect immunofluorescence on viable cells. These antibodies were not detected in 17 normal animals of the same species. The antibodies were directed to an 85-kDa surface antigen selectively expressed by pigmented cells that was not present on nonpigmented control cells. These observations suggest that vitiligo in animals is an autoimmune disease mediated to pigmented...
Impaired estrogen production by Leydig cells of the naturally retained testis in unilaterally cryptorchid boars and stallions. Estrogen production in vitro was compared for Leydig cells from cryptorchid and scrotal testes in boars and stallions. Animals with natural and experimental cryptorchidism were used. Purified Leydig cells were prepared from testes of mature animals by collagenase treatment and Percoll density gradients. After incubation for 3 hours (1 X 10(6) cells), estrone sulfate and estrone in the media were measured by direct radioimmunoassay. Androstenedione and testosterone in media extracts also were determined. Cells from the abdominal testis of unilateral cryptorchid boars and stallions showed impair...
Molecular pathogenesis of equine coital exanthema: temperature-sensitive function(s) in cells infected with equine herpesviruses. Preliminary experiments have revealed that several laboratory and wild-type strains of the equine herpesvirus (EHV) triad were temperature-sensitive for growth when assayed at 39 degrees C. The efficiencies of plating (EOP) observed were 10(-2) for both EHV 1 and 2, and 1 X 10(-6) for EHV 3. The EOPs were determined by plaque assays which compared titrations at 34 degrees C and 39 degrees C on equine fetal dermal fibroblast cells. Growth yield experiments, assayed at 34 degrees C, reflected those EOP's, but did not indicate any difference in yields when infected cultures were incubated at 34 d...
Increased acidophilia of eosinophil granules after EDTA treatment. The acidophilic reaction of eosinophil leucocyte granules from human, pig and horse blood smears was investigated by using May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining after previous treatment with EDTA and sodium citrate solutions. The same peak at 530 nm, but absorption values considerably higher than those of controls, were found in eosinophil granules after application of chelating agents, indicating that removal of metal cations could unmask basic groups in these structures.
[Structure and topography of the nucleus proprius cornus dorsalis of the spinal cord of horses]. The studies performed on spinal cords of two horses revealed that cells of the nucleus of the own dorsal horn are present in all segments of lumbo-sacral part of the spinal cord. The nucleus is composed of two parts: basal and marginal. Basal part is composed of large and medium size cells situated in 2/3 of the lower part of the grey substance of the dorsal horn. The marginal part of the described nucleus is composed of elongated and spindle shaped cells situated along the dorsal margine of the grey substance of the dorsal horn. Continuity of the nucleus in lumbo-sacral part of the spinal cor...
Comparison of the lipoprotein profiles obtained from rat, bovine, horse, dog, rabbit and pig serum by a new two-step ultracentrifugal gradient procedure. A new two-step gradient technique has been used in the separation of the different classes of lipoproteins from the serum of cows, horses, dogs, pigs, rabbits and rats. Total lipoproteins were first isolated at d 1.21 then floated through a d 1.006 to d 1.21 gradient. Collection by mean of a gradient fractionator provided directly comparable lipoprotein profiles, allowed the determination of the exact density range of each lipoprotein class and the fraction by fraction analysis of composition. Cholesterol and apo AI recoveries were high. Horse, dog, rabbit and pig exhibited three distinct lipo...
Comparison of specificity of human and horse leucocyte proteinases with synthetic peptide substrates. Highly purified horse leucocyte proteinases 1, 2A and 2B hydrolyze synthetic substrates which are decomposed also by human leucocyte elastase but they are unable to hydrolyze typical substrates of cathepsin G. Thus in distinction to other mammalian species horse leucocytes are devoid of cathepsin G and contain only elastases.
Annual cycle of the Sertoli cell population in adult stallions. Stereological methods were employed in two experiments with adult stallions: to confirm seasonal variation in number of Sertoli cells and to characterize the annual cycle of the Sertoli cell population. In the first experiment, testes from 28 adult (4-20 years old) horses obtained in the non-breeding season (December-January) were compared to testes from 28 adult horses in the breeding season (June-July). Sertoli cell numbers were calculated from the nuclear volume density, parenchymal volume, and volume of an individual Sertoli cell nucleus determined by reconstruction of serial sections or f...
Characteristics of cells derived from the girdle region of the pre-implantation blastocyst of the donkey. The establishment of a monolayer culture of cells derived from the girdle region of a 34-day-old donkey conceptus is described. These cells have had over 100 repeated passages in culture. Low levels of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG, eCG) could be detected in the cells by indirect immunofluorescence using some monoclonal anti-eCG antibodies, but the cells did not secrete eCG as measured by radioimmunoassay or inhibition of haemagglutination. There was marked nuclear polymorphism with binucleate and occasional multinucleate cells. The cells were strongly reactive with wheatgerm agglu...
Spontaneous expression of an endogenous retrovirus by the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. A retrovirus is spontaneously released into the culture medium of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. The MC-1 virus did not exhibit in vitro transforming activity or replication when tested on equine fibroblasts or a variety of other mammalian cell cultures. Complementary DNA, synthesized using detergent-activated MC-1 virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, detected homologous sequences in the DNA of an established equine dermal cell line and in the DNA of primary equine dermal fibroblasts. Iododeoxyuridine or azacytidine induced a replication-deficient endogenous retrovirus in the normal...
The interaction between some serine proteinases and horse leucocyte inhibitor. Horse blood leucocyte cytosol exhibits a broad inhibitory activity against serine proteinases. The purified inhibitor was exposed to investigated enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastases and serine proteinase from S. aureus) for variable time and the products were analyzed by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molar ratio I:E, association rate constants k on and inhibition constants Ki for the enzymes and inhibitor were determined. The examined elastases form stable, stoichiometric complexes with the inhibitor (Ki less than 10(-10) M), ...
