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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Effects of dietary supplementation with butylated hydroxyanisole, cysteine, and vitamins B on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in ponies. Dried tansy ragwort, which contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, was fed as 10% of a complete diet to ponies, with and without a mixture of additives. The additives provided a dietary supplement equivalent to 1% cysteine, 0.75% butylated hydroxyanisole, 200 micrograms of vitamin B12/kg of feed, and 5 mg of folic acid/kg of feed. The additives did not alter tansy ragwort toxicity, as assessed by survival time, liver changes, sulfobromophthalein (BSP) clearance rate, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and plasma amino acid patterns. In ponies fed tansy ragwort, BSP clearance rate was a se...
Three cases of ruptured mitral valve chordae in the horse. The paper describes clinical observations in three horses with ruptured mitral valve chordae. Horses with ruptured mitral valve chordae may have a history of sudden onset of acute distress with predominantly respiratory symptoms. On auscultation there will be a widespread pansystolic murmur with an extension of the area of cardiac auscultation. The third heart sound may be very pronounced and unduly prolonged, associated with high volume flow during early ventricular filling in diastole. However, these sounds are not specific for chordal rupture--they are typical of severe mitral regurgitation...
Ultrasonic anatomy and pathology of the equine uterus. The morphological and pathological status of the uterus in mares was evaluated using a linear-array ultrasound scanner, and the ultrasonic properties of the uterus were characterized. The uterus was examined each day in 16 mares, beginning at mid-diestrus. The uterus was recorded as having an ultrasonic morphology characteristic of diestrus (endometrial folds not distinguishable), estrus (prominent endometrial folds) or an intermediate stage (folds only moderately distinguishable). The number of mares with an intermediate or estrous image increased gradually between day -7 (2 14 mares; ovulati...
Fibrotic myopathy in the horse. The case histories of 18 horses with hindlimb lameness attributed to fibrotic myopathy were reviewed. In 14 horses, the problem developed after trauma. In 5 others, it developed secondary to intramuscular injections. Other causes of the lameness were surgery, exertional injuries, and purpura hemorrhagica. Eleven of the horses were treated by resection of scar tissue or by semitendinosus myotenotomy. Postoperative complications included pressure necrosis under quill sutures (9 horses), acute disruption of the skin incision (2 horses), dehiscence of the wound during healing (2 horses), and prolo...
Odontodysplasia in a horse. Weight loss, poor growth and dysphagia occurred in a young stallion with some teeth missing, and soft, discolored and/or deformed deciduous incisors, premolars and molars. At necropsy, permanent teeth sites were filled with yellow, gelatinous material. Clinical signs suggested fluorosis but laboratory findings did not confirm the diagnosis.
Clostridial cellulitis in the horse: a report of five cases. Five horses with fatal clostridial cellulitis are described. The characteristic findings were the rapid development of a crepitant swelling with an associated toxemia, which in four cases followed intramuscular injections. The clinical features, diagnostic techniques and pathogenesis are discussed. The importance of an early diagnosis is emphasized.
Uterine defense mechanisms in the mare: Serum opsonins affecting phagocytosis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus by equine neutrophils. The addition of serum to uterine secretions was shown to opsonize Streptococcus zooepidemicus and significantly enhance bacterial phagocytosis by equine neutrophils. Treatment of serum by heat inactivation at 56 degrees C, EDTA treatment, and C3 consumption reduced phagocytosis and therefore demonstrated that the process was complement-dependent. The amount of C3 present in uterine secretions was measured in a series of 14 mares infected with Streptococcus zooepidemicus . Ten of the 14 mares had detectable amounts of C3; however, the C3 had been cleaved and rendered nonfunctional. The importan...
Observations on the use of glyceryl guaiacolate as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in horses. Twenty-one horses undergoing clinical surgery and diagnostic procedures received 15% glyceryl guaiacolate followed by a rapid intravenous injection of a thiobarbiturate for induction of anaesthesia. Premedication was with atropine and acepromazine. Induction was smooth and free from problems apart from transient apnoea in some horses. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen and halothane administered by means of a closed circle system with soda-lime absorber and with the vaporiser out of circuit. During the period immediately following induction, the heart rate increased and the respiratory...
Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses. Three horses with equine lymphosarcoma were examined because of clinical signs including chronic weight loss, respiratory distress, peripheral edema, and chronic colic. Clinicopathologic findings included evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia also was diagnosed in 1 of the horses and suspected in another. One horse died in spite of treatment, 1 died 5 hours after surgical removal of a tumor encircling the jejunum, and 1 was euthanatized because of deteriorating condition. Necropsy of each horse revealed extensive neoplastic infiltration of peripheral...
Toxic hepatopathy in neonatal foals. Six foals of three different breeds, born to healthy mares, appeared normal at birth, and died at two to five days of age with icterus, ataxia, head pressing, and terminal hepatic coma. Their livers were less than one-half normal weight. Most of the liver was dark red-brown and slightly rubbery. Histologically, these areas were characterized by severe bile ductule proliferation, mild portal tract fibrosis, and massive hepatocellular necrosis and lobular collapse. A small proportion of the liver, usually on the peripheral part of the lobes, was grossly light brown and slightly raised. Histologi...
Pheochromocytoma in the horse and measurement of norepinephrine levels in horses. Ten cases of pheochromocytoma in horses were obtained from the literature and a computer search of medical records. The clinical, laboratory and pathological features of pheochromocytoma in horses were reviewed. Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine secreting tumor which tends to occur in older horses without breed or sex predisposition. It is usually unilateral adrenal medullary in location and benign. Malignancy was present in one horse. The most common clinical signs were sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, muscle tremor and anxiety; however the tumor may be asymptomatic. Clinical signs were no...
[Hypophyseal adenocarcinoma in a horse. A case study]. The paper presents the case-history of a 5-year-old pony suffering from an adenocarcinoma which proceeded from the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. Neurological and patho-morphological findings are reported.
Retained cartilage in the distal radial physis of foals. Examination of growth plate defects in the distal radial physis of 13 foals three to 70 days of age revealed lesions in the lateral and medial aspects of the distal radial physis; the lateral defects were more numerous and obvious. Lesions consisted of widening of the zone of hypertrophying cells of the metaphyseal growth plate (retained cartilage), retained cartilage with discontinuity of cartilage and primary spongiosa, and microfracture of the primary spongiosa. In some foals, the cartilage retention was thought to be due to primary spongiosa microfracture, although fracture subsequent to c...
Experiences in diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. This paper reviews the current status of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. Arthroscopy has been used as a diagnostic aid since 1974 and is useful for evaluation of abnormalities in synovial membrane and articular cartilage. Surgical arthroscopy is a more recent advance that has replaced conventional arthrotomy in 90 per cent of the author's cases. Clinical conditions currently being treated using arthroscopic techniques rather than arthrotomy include all chip fractures in the carpus, chip fractures of the first phalanx, chronic proliferative synovitis in the fetlock and osteoch...
Survey of resting blood pressure values in clinically normal horses. Resting coccygeal blood pressure values were measured, indirectly, on 296 horses (97 Thoroughbreds, 97 Standardbreds and 102 hacks). Blood pressure was found to vary with the class of horse examined; on average Thoroughbreds had significantly higher values than Standardbreds and hacks, whereas blood pressures of the last two groups were not significantly different. There was no demonstrable effect of sex, height or heart rate on blood pressure, but temperature and age did influence the value recorded. Mean (+/- sd) (n = 296) coccygeal uncorrected values (systolic pressure/diastolic pressure) w...
C-cell tumours of the thyroid in the horse. The clinical and pathological aspects of two cases of C-cell (parafollicular cell) tumours of the thyroid are described. Both the horse and the pony presented with a paralaryngeal mass and a history of constant gulping. Ultrastructural examination of the tumours demonstrated that they were composed of C-cells containing typical, membrane-bound secretory granules. The pony is alive and well three years after surgery and the horse has raced successfully following removal of the tumour.
Culicoides hypersensitivity in the horse: 15 cases in southwestern british columbia. The investigation of a chronic, seasonal dermatitis of horses in southwestern British Columbia is described. Typically the history indicated an insidious onset, followed by a gradual progression in the severity of the signs each year. Lesions appeared during the warmer months of the year and tended to regress during the winter. The clinical signs consisted of areas of pruritus and excoriation, affecting predominantly the ventral midline, mane and tailhead. In all cases corticosteroid therapy relieved the pruritus and allowed the lesions to heal.The salient pathological findings were hyperkerat...
[Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse in a 1-year-old mare resecting only the mucous membrane]. A mare with rectal prolaps was operated at Vienna University. The prolaps was corrected by mucosal resection only. The remaining vital layers of the corresponding intestinal section were saved. The advantage of a special tissue saving operating technique in the rectal area is seen in avoiding postoperative complications.
A giant congenital pigmented nevus in a horse. Pigmented nevi have not been widely recognized in domesticated animals. We describe, for the first time, a giant congenital pigmented nevus in a horse. Because of a prominent neuroid component within the lesion, neurofibromatosis was the major differential diagnosis.
Clinical observations on an outbreak of strangles. An outbreak of strangles, which occurred during the spring, summer and fall of 1980 on a Standardbred stud farm in eastern Alberta is described. The infective organism, Streptococcus equi, may have been introduced by an outside mare that was brought to the stud for breeding. All of the groups of horses on the farm were affected. For the most part, the disease was allowed to run its natural course. Only severely affected individuals were treated. During the outbreak, the foals were prophylactically treated with penicillin to prevent them from contracting the disease. Ten horses died of complica...
Borna disease of horses. An immunohistological and virological study of naturally infected animals. The brains of eight horses that had suffered from natural Borna disease were examined with virologic, immunohistological, and electron-microscopic methods. All brains harbored infectious virus as shown by inoculation of experimental animals. Regional assessment of the infectivity exhibited the highest titers in the hippocampus and piriform cortex and the lowest in the cerebellum. Conventional histology yielded pathologic alterations very similar to those of the classical description of the disease. Immunohistology demonstrated the highest amounts of Borna disease virus-specific antigen in the ...
