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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Ossifying ameloblastoma in a horse. The features of an ossifying ameloblastoma in a 5-year-old gelding are described. The tumour developed in the angle of the right mandible and microscopically consisted of multiple follicles and islands of epithelial tissue adjacent to which were trabeculae of bone, osteoid and compact collagenous tissue.
Assessment of myocardial function in the horse. 1. Theoretical and technical considerations. The paper discusses the various parameters which are currently used in attempts to assess the contractile efficiency of the myocardium in various species. These procedures depend upon accurate recording of intracavity pressure. The response of a catheter-mounted microtransducer compared with a fluid-filled catheter manometer system is illustrated to show the advantage of the former in providing a true representation of pressure changes.
Intraocular melanoma in a horse. Sudden unilateral blindness occurred in a 7-year-old grey gelding Quarterhorse. Ophthalmoscopy revealed a pigmented mass arising from the nasal ciliary body of the right eye and extending around the posterior surface of the lens, and there were pigmented particles in the vitreous. Examination of the enucleated globe showed a circumscribed, black, dense and symmetrically ovoid mass with sessile attachment to the nasal ciliary region and extension to posterior lens capsule, vitreous and along the vitreal face of the detached retina to the optic papilla. The mass was composed of heavily pigmented...
[Verminous enteritis and thrombo-embolic colic in the horse. A description of 36 cases (author’s transl)]. Based upon case reports from 36 cases of verminous thrombosis of arteria mesenterica cranialis--all of which were verified at necropsy--clinical symptoms, course and pathological lesions are described. Seventy five per cent of the patients were under 3 years old, and 73% of the cases showed initial signs during the period July-December. Salient clinical findings were, unthrifty appearance and emaciation, diarrhoea--observed in two thirds of the patients--and colic--observed in 50 per cent of the cases. Haematological and biochemical findings were inconclusive, yet, hypoproteinaemia was a rathe...
Agammaglobulinemia in a horse. Immunologic deficiency was suspected in an 18-month-old Standardbred horse with persistent fever, multifocal bacterial infection, and neutropenia with a large number of immature neutrophils. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked depression of the gamma-globulin fraction (0.2 g/100 ml). Immunologic testing and histologic examination of lymphoid tissues identified the immune deficit as agammaglobulinemia. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG(T) were initially low and declined with time; IgM and IgA were not detectable. The horse failed to produce antibodies when inoculate...
Peritoneal lavage in the horse. Eight horses ranging in age from 4 days to 9 years were treated for peritonitis. Escherichia coli was isolated in four cases and Nocardia sp in one case. In each case, a catheter placed in the peritoneal cavity allowed drainage of a large amount of purulent fluid. Retrograde peritoneal lavage was performed through a Foley catheter or medical tubing, using Ringer's lactate solution containing kanamycin, povidone iodine, or nitrofurazone. All except two horses responded well to repeated lavage.
Effect of pneumatic tourniquet application to the distal extremities of the horse: blood gas, serum electrolyte, osmolality, and hematologic alterations. With 120 minutes of pneumatic tourniquet application to the distal extremity in the horse, the following effects were noted in the tourniqueted limb vein (TLV): (i) local venous acidemia, (ii) increase in serum K+ concentrations, (iii) minimal changes in plasma total solids, Na+, or osmolality, and (iv) apparent reduction in hematocrit values when compared with the same measurements in the control leg. Tourniquet release after 120 minutes produced a prompt return to base line for PCV and PO2 in the TLV; however, pH, PCO2 and K+ values in the TLV required 10 to 15 minutes to reach base line (TL...
Acquired torticollis in eleven horses. Case records of 11 horses with acquired torticollis during a 15-year period were reviewed. The cause was established in seven of eight cases and included cervical intervertebral disk protrusion, skull fracture, neurogenic atrophy, and dystrophic myodegeneration. The latter condition was considered to be the most likely cause in the three horses that recovered.
A case of bilateral hip dysplasia in a foal. Degenerative arthritis of the coxofemoral joints in the Norwegian Dole horse characterised by lameness, erosion of the joint cartilages, deposition of new bone at the attachments of the joint capsules and the teres ligaments, stretching and rupture of the teres ligaments and eventually luxation has been described and is considered to be due to hip dysplasia and to be inherited (Haakenstad, 1953). More recently there have been 2 reports of unilateral degenerative arthritis and subluxation in young horses (Jogi and Norberg, 1962; Davidson, 1967). In the last 8 years there have been 12,051 equine...
Sound spectography in the diagnosis of equine respiratory disorders: a preliminary report. One problem in the diagnosis of subclinical roarers is that abnormal auditory signals occur only during a fast gait, and these fade quickly. This paper offers a novel technique to assist this problem. Sound recordings were obtained from five horses following exercise; two roarers, two non-roarers, and one suspected roarer. These signals were converted into spectrograms by Rayspan processing. All frequencies in the 0 to 2.25 kHz range during both inspiration and expiration, as well as occasional noises in the 2–4 kHz band, characterised roarers. Signals from non-roarers consisted of frequenci...
Fluoroscopic investigation of pharyngeal function in the horse. Videofluoroscopy was used to study the deglutition reflexin 2 horses believed, on the basis of endoscopic and clinical examination, to have normal pharyngeal and laryngeal function. The reflex was found to be the same as that described in man and in the rabbit. A feature of deglutition in the horse was the temporary increase in size of the auditory tube diverticuli (gluttural pouches) as a result of contraction of the pharyngeal muscles.
Adrenal-testis interaction in the stallion. The authors describe the short and long term effects of synthetic adrenocorticotrophin and of cortisol on peripheral plasma testosterone concentrations in 2 stallions. A single injection of either hormone temporarily raised plasma testosterone concentrations but repeated injection (twice daily for 5 days) depressed plasma testosterone concentrations. Cessation of treatment was followed by a rise in plasma testosterone to concentrations higher than those in the pretreatment period. These findings are briefly discussed.
Phonocardiography in the horse: 2. The relationship of the external phonocardiogram to intracardiac pressure and sound. The paper describes observations during individual cardiac cycles on the changing pressures and sounds recorded from the various chambers of the heart and aorta, related to phonocardiograms from an external microphone hand-held over the cardiac area. The majority of the first sound appears to arise from the left side of the heart after the AV valves have closed and the second sound is a consequence of sudden deceleration of blood against already closed semilunar valves. Systolic murmurs at the aortic root may be benign from increased flow and turbulence at the peak of ejection but these may no...
An equine fetal monster dicephalus tetrapus dibrachius. Double monsters are structurally related to monozygotic twins and the reported frequency of these abnormalities in the equine species is low. Symmetrical, double development in both the cephalic region and caudal trunk was demonstrated along with a common undeveloped cervical mass. Anomalies found in the separate genito-urinary systems added another variant to this case.
Studies on experimental enteric salmonellosis in ponies. Clinical, bacteriological, serological and haematological observations were made on 13 adult ponies orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission. The clinical responses in inoculated ponies included pyrexia lasting four days and neutropaenia during the first five days after inoculation followed by a neutrophilia. Pyrexia and neutropaenia was associated with maximal shedding of organisms in the rectal faeces. Changes in the character of the faeces occurred between one and two days after inocula...
Endoscopic observations on the deglutition reflex in the horse. Cine-endoscopy was used to study the deglutition reflex in 2 apparently normal horses. Closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter was brought about by a lowering of the pharyngeal roof and an elevation of the soft palate caudal to the pharyngeal ostia of the auditory tubes. The medial cartilages of the ostia were not directly involved in bringing about closure of the sphincter. It is postulated that the opening of the ostia of the auditory tubes is brought about during deglutition by the combined action of the palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini muscles.
The effects of repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides to ponies. Repeated exposure of ponies in Escherichia coli endotoxin resulted in attenuation of the packed cell volume, beta-glucuronidase, capillary refill time and neutrophil responses usually accompanying endotoxin administration. An overall decrease in severity of clinical response including reduced mortality was also apparent in ponies with repeated endotoxin exposure. Modification of the febrile response was not observed in any of the experimental groups.
In-vivo myometrial electrical activity in the cyclic mare. Uterine electromyography was performed by means of chronically implanted surface electrodes in 3 Pony mares during spontaneous oestrous cycles and following luteolysis induced by a prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol). Three distinct patterns were recognized during the oestrous cycle. (1) During oestrus well defined phases of activity with closely grouped high-amplitude spikes were separated by long periods (10-45 min) of complete inactivity. (2) During dioestrus more diffuse phases of activity with low-amplitude spikes were separated by variable periods of relative inactivity. (3) During lut...
Observations on the mechanism of functional obstruction of the nasopharyngeal airway in the horse. Fibreoptic endoscopy was used to study the movements of the larynx and pharynx during nasal occlusion in 10 horses, which showed signs consistent with functional pharyngeal obstruction (FPO) on exercise. Cine-endoscopic films were made on 3 such horses. Consideration of the anatomy of the region indicates that FPO may best be regarded as a subluxation of the nasopharyngeal and larygneal airways and it was found that a constant component of the movements which brought about this subluxation was a marked caudal retraction of the larynx. It is suggested that this caudal retraction of the larynx o...
Autologous, split skin transplantation on the lower limbs of horses. The skin grafting experiments were carried out on the cannon regions of horses to throw light on four matters relating to split skin transplantation. They were: The thickness of donor split skin that would provide good wound cover and still leave adequate tissue to permit uneventful healing at the donor site; whether split skin grafts were more readily accepted on fresh than on granulating wounds; the size of wounds that would benefit from grafting; and the maximum size of graft that would be readily accepted. The findings were: Split skin grafts 0.76 mm thickness gave the best results althoug...
[Cutaneous leukemia in a horse (author’s transl)]. The case of a 16-year-old mare with multiple dermal lymphosarcoma of the histiolymphocytic type is described. Leukaemic changes were not found to be present in the superficial and internal lymph nodes or in the visceral organs.
Abdominal cryptorchidectomy in the horse, using inguinal extension of the gubernaculum testis. Removal of abdominal testes was accomplished in 32 horses ranging in age from 6 to 72 months. Twenty were unilateral and 12 were bilateral abdominal cryptorchids. An incision was made over the superficial inguinal ring, and the extension of the gubernaculum testis was identified and grasped with forceps. Traction was applied to this structure until the vaginal process was everted beyond the superficial inguinal ring. The vaginal process was incised and the protruding structure, usually the epididymis, was grasped. The testis was drawn out by gentle traction on the epididymis, and castration wa...
