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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Temporal relationship between proliferating and apoptotic hormone-producing and endothelial cells in the equine corpus luteum. The temporal relationship between endothelial cell death, vascular regression and the death of hormone-producing cells in the mare has not been established. To determine the dynamics of cell proliferation and death throughout the luteal phase, corpora lutea were studied at the early, mid- and late luteal phase, and after treatment with cloprostenol in the mid-luteal phase to induce premature luteolysis. Changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated utilising specific markers (phosphorylated histone-3 and activated caspase-3 respectively). Histone-3 positive cells were most abun...
Antinociceptive effects, metabolism and disposition of ketamine in ponies under target-controlled drug infusion. Ketamine is widely used as an anesthetic in a variety of drug combinations in human and veterinary medicine. Recently, it gained new interest for use in long-term pain therapy administered in sub-anesthetic doses in humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPk) model for ketamine in ponies and to investigate the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on the amplitude and the duration of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR). A target-controlled infusion (TCI) of ketamine with a target plasma level of 1 microg/ml S-ketamine over 120 ...
The evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is being used to treat desmitis and tendonitis in horses. This paper compares the clinical, ultrasonographic and histological characteristics of ESWT treated collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) lesions, versus untreated controls. This blinded study utilizes six mature, healthy horses where bilateral forelimb SDFT lesions were induced. One forelimb was treated while the other served as an untreated control. Three shock wave treatments were administered at three week intervals. At weekly intervals, ultrasonograms were used to meas...
Ex vivo comparison of a novel tapered-sleeve and traditional full-limb transfixation pin cast for distal radial fracture stabilization in the horse. Distal radial fractures in adult horses are examples of long-bone fractures that are not always amenable to internal fixation. These fractures are often open, contaminated, severely comminuted, and located adjacent to the antebrachiocarpal joint. There have been few studies to improve upon the methods of stabilization of this type of fracture. External coaptation incorporating transfixation pins is one method that has been used to stabilize distal radial fractures in horses (1-3). The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare the load to failure in simulated weight-bearing of a novel ta...
Sebaceous adenitis in a 7-year-old Arabian gelding. A 7-year-old Arabian gelding was presented with a 9-month history of progressive patches of nonpruritic scaling, crusting, alopecia, and leukoderma of the periocular areas and muzzle, becoming generalized over time. Sebaceous adenitis was diagnosed on histopathologic examination. Lesions resolved without treatment, coinciding with regression of a sarcoid on the neck. Un cheval Arabe castré âgé de 7 ans a été présenté pour une histoire de 9 mois de plaques de desquamation, de croutes, d’alopécie et de leucodermie sur les régions périoculaire et sur le nez, devenant généralisées ...
[Elevation of IFN-gamma transcription level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of EIAV vaccinated horses]. To evaluate the relationship between the transcriptional level of IFN-gamma mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and immune protective response driven by inoculated horses with donkey leukocyte attenuated vaccine of EIAV(DLV), and to elucidate the immune mechanism of DLV. Methods: A real-time PCR method was established for quantitative detection of IFN-gamma mRNA level from horse PBMCs. Twelve horses were divided into vaccination group, healthy control group, challenging control group and EIAV natural infection group. The transcriptional level and distribution of IFN-gamma mRNA in...
Equine trypanosomosis in the Central River Division of The Gambia: a study of veterinary gate-clinic consultation records. The objective of this study was to provide epidemiological information of equine trypanosomosis in the Central River Division (CRD) of The Gambia. Therefore, 2285 consultations records of equines, admitted in a gate-clinic at Sololo in CRD, were studied retrospectively. The data were recorded in the period between September 1995 and July 2002 and comprised consultations of 2113 horses and 172 donkeys. 'Trypanosome infection' was the most frequently diagnosed condition and accounted for 61% of the cases. Horses were more frequently diagnosed with trypanosome infections than donkeys (p1 year) we...
Equine laminitis: bites by Bothrops spp cause hoof lamellar pathology in the contralateral as well as in the bitten limb. The envenoming caused by Bothrops snakebite includes local symptoms, such as pronounced edema, hemorrhage, intense pain, vesicles, blisters and myonecrosis. The principal systemic symptom consists in the alteration of blood clotting, due to fibrinogen consumption and platelet abnormalities. The horses involved in this study had this symptomatology and one of them exhibited symptoms consistent with laminitis in the bitten and in the contralateral limbs. Laminitis lesions were characterized by separation of the hoof lamellar basement membrane (BM) from basal cells of the epidermis. These results...
von Willebrand factor A1 domain can adequately substitute for A3 domain in recruitment of flowing platelets to collagen. Binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to platelet GPIbalpha and to collagen is attributed to VWF A1 and A3 domains, respectively. Objective: Using VWF, VWF lacking A1 (DeltaA1-VWF) or A3 (DeltaA3-VWF) and VWF with defective A3 (H1786A-VWF), in combination with recombinant A1 (residues 1262-1492) or A3 (residues 1671-1878), fused to glutathione-S-transferase (GST-A1 and GST-A3), we have re-investigated the role of A1 in platelet recruitment to surfaces of collagen. Results: In flow, measurable binding of DeltaA3-VWF occurred to horse tendon, but also to human type III collagen. GST-A1 and GST-...
Identification of Taylorella equigenitalis responsible for contagious equine metritis in equine genital swabs by direct polymerase chain reaction. A direct-PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of Taylorella equigenitalis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for contagious equine metritis (CEM) in Equidae. The bacteria may be detected in equine genital swabs without need for a preliminary step of DNA extraction or bacterial isolation. Specificity was determined with 125 isolates of T. equigenitalis, 24 isolates of Taylorella asinigenitalis, five commensal bacteria of the genital tract and a facultative intracellular pathogen of foals found in large concentration in soil. Our PCR is specific and amplified a 413-bp 16S ribosoma...
Rapid, multiwell colorimetric assay for measuring neutrophil chemoattractant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. The criteria used to diagnose recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in affected horses include demonstration of reversible lower airway obstruction and greater than 25% neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additional objective laboratory tests are needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and to monitor response to treatment. The goal of this study was to determine if neutrophil chemoattractant activity of BALF could be measured by using a previously described, rapid, multiwell colorimetric assay for chemotaxis. In this assay, neutrophils that have migrated through a membrane filter ar...
Evaluation of nephelometry for albumin measurement in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: experiences with an indwelling subarachnoidal catheter system for repetitive cerebrospinal fluid collection in horses. The measurement of albumin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum for albumin quotient (AQ) calculations in normal horses was performed by 2 methods: 1) total protein measurement, followed by electrophoresis of the samples to obtain an albumin percentage; and 2) albumin immunoprecipitation quantitated by nephelometry. The results of both methods correlated well, and nephelometry was chosen to determine the albumin concentrations in CSF samples obtained from an indwelling subarachnoidal catheter for daily sampling. Because the use of an indwelling catheter to collect repetitive C...
Age-related expression of molecular regulators of hypertrophy and maturation in articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the expression of regulatory molecules in normal equine articular cartilage throughout development up to 18 months of age. The hypothesis was that expression of these regulatory molecules would decrease from birth to postpubescence. Cartilage was harvested from normal femoropatellar or scapulohumeral joints from 34 fresh horse cadavers. Horses were placed in four age groups [prenatal (n = 5); prepubertal, 0-6 months (n = 11); pubertal, 7-14 months (n = 13); and postpubertal, 15-18 months (n = 5)]. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Gli1, Gli3, Patched1...
A comparison of three-dimensional ultrasound, two-dimensional ultrasound and dissections for determination of lesion volume in tendons. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of a freehand three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonography system in the determination of lesion volume in tendons. The accuracy and precision of a 3-D ultrasonography system was assessed by performing repeated measurements on a phantom of known volume. Volume measurements of tendon lesions performed with 3-D ultrasonography were compared with measurements based on a series of two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound (US) scans and to direct measurements from dissections. A novel method for the creation of tendon lesions in vitro was devel...
Increased interleukin-1beta mRNA expression in skin biopsies of horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity following challenge with Culicoides nubeculosus extract. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a primary cytokine of the skin that has a pivotal role in keratinocyte differentiation, epidermal wound healing and host defense. Pathological increase of cutaneous IL-1beta is associated with edema formation, epidermal hyperproliferation and atopic dermatitis in humans. However, in horses the role of cutaneous IL-1beta in edema formation and allergic skin disease has not been characterised so far. Particularly in Culicoides hypersensitivity (CHS), intradermal injection of Culicoides extract may be associated with enhanced transcription of local IL-1beta. To exa...
[Mini-invasive distraction technique for treatment of severe ankle and foot deformities secondary to ischemic contracture of the leg]. To explore the Ilizarov mini-invasive distraction technique for the treatment of severer ankle and foot deformities secondary to ischemic contracture of the leg. Methods: Based on the tension-stress low of Ilizarov, a serial of adjustable three dimensions external distractive instrument was developed in our department. From April 2002 to March 2004, 8 patients with ankle and foot deformities secondary to ischemic contracture of the leg induced by trauma and fracture were treated with the distractive instrument. Of them, 4 patient were male and 4 female, aged from 13 to 31 years with an average...
Needle electromyographic activity of myofascial trigger points and control sites in equine cleidobrachialis muscle–an observational study. Myofascial trigger points are commonly described in humans, and many studies have shown abnormal spontaneous electrical activity, spike activity and local twitch responses at these sites. Myofascial trigger points have only rarely been described in horses, and studies of their electrophysiological characteristics have not previously been published. The objective of this study was to explore the electromyographic (EMG) and other characteristics of myofascial trigger points in equine muscle, and to compare them with normal muscle tissue. Methods: Four horses with chronic pain signs and impaired ...
Clinical and therapeutic studies on mange in horses. At Kafr El-Sheikh province, Egypt, out of 117 examined drafting horses, mites were detected in 20 (17.09%) horses. The recovered mites were 14 Chorioptes, four Psoroptes and two Sarcoptes whereas mites were not detected in four cases clinically showed typical mange lesions. Interestingly, neither the age nor the sex of the examined horses had a clear influence on the prevalence of the infection. Clinical signs observed in mange infested horses were in the form of irregular skin lesions, severe itching and sometimes biting of affected skin areas and decrease feed consumption. The skin lesions m...
Oral and intravenous carbohydrate challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of energy metabolism in horses. This study tested the hypothesis that grain and intravenous dextrose challenges would alter plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in Standardbred mares. To deliver 0.5 g of glucose (dextrose solution for the intravenous test)/kg of BW, mares received intravenous dextrose (50% solution) or oral grain administration in 2 trials. In response to the oral grain challenge, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations increased (P < 0.001) by 56 and 802%, respectively. Plasma ghrelin concentration initially decreased (P < 0.001) by 40%, then s...
A quantitative study of the equine soft palate using histomorphometry. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate is a common cause of upper airway obstruction in racehorses and is of unknown aetiology. To determine whether the palate may displace for structural reasons, knowledge of the normal soft palate is required. The present study aimed to describe, qualitatively and quantitatively, the structure of the normal equine soft palate using histomorphometry. In soft palates from 12 Thoroughbreds, glandular tissue predominated (ca. 40% of total area), located mainly in the rostral and ventral regions. Rostrally, muscles attached to a tendinous aponeurosis located dors...
10.1093/jn/136.7.2090S. Treatment of clinical laminitis usually fails to prevent some degree of persistent disability; thus, intervention should aim at avoiding risk factors and preventing the disease. Efficiency of intervention would be improved by identifying predisposed horses and ponies. A herd of 160 healthy ponies included 54 previously laminitic (PL) and 106 never laminitic (NL). Pedigree analysis was consistent with dominant inheritance partially suppressed in males. Blood analysis revealed higher plasma concentrations of insulin and triglycerides but not cortisol, glucose, or free fatty acids in the PL group...
The effect of hoof trimming on radiographic measurements of the front feet of normal Warmblood horses. The understanding of the normal position of the third phalanx (P3) and the distal sesamoid bone in relation to the size and shape of the hoof capsule in sound horses is helpful in the diagnosis of equine foot lameness. Some measurements on radiographs used to define the position of the pedal bone within the hoof capsule are significantly influenced by hoof trimming and the height of the withers. In this study, the front hooves of 40 Warmblood horses were radiographed twice, eight weeks apart, both before and after their hooves were trimmed by an experienced farrier. Using the software programm...
Plasma disposition and faecal excretion of oxfendazole, fenbendazole and albendazole following oral administration to donkeys. Fenbendazole (FBZ), oxfendazole (fenbendazole sulphoxide, FBZSO), and albendazole (ABZ) were administered orally to donkeys at 10mg/kg bodyweight. Blood and faecal samples were collected from 1 to 120 h post-treatment. The plasma and faecal samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The parent molecule and its sulphoxide and sulphone (FBZSO(2)) metabolites did not reach detectable concentrations in any plasma samples following FBZ administration. ABZ was also not detected in any plasma samples, but its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites were detected, demonstratin...
Influence of immunization against GnRH on reproductive cyclicity and estrous behavior in the mare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of active immunization against GnRH on ovarian activity, plasma progesterone and estradiol concentrations and on estrous behavior in adult mares. Eighteen cyclic mares were randomly divided into a treatment and control group. Nine mares were immunized twice with 2 mL (400 microg GnRH-protein conjugate) of a GnRH-vaccine (Improvac, CSL Limited, Australia) administered intramuscularly, 4 weeks apart. Control mares received the same amount of saline solution. Ovaries and uterus of all mares were examined weekly by ultrasonography from 3 weeks befor...
A type II-collagen derived peptide and its nitrated form as new markers of inflammation and cartilage degradation in equine osteochondral lesions. Markers of cartilage breakdown enable studying the degradation of cartilage matrix in equine joint pathologies. This study was designed to determine the levels of Coll2-1, a peptide of the triple helix of type II collagen, and Coll2-1NO(2), its nitrated form in the plasma of healthy horses (controls; n=37) and horses suffering from osteochondrosis (n=34). Clinical and arthroscopic scores were attributed reflecting the severity of lesions and were related to the plasma levels of Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO(2). The median of Coll2-1 was significantly higher in the control group, whereas the mean of Co...
Oxytocin does not contribute to the effects of cervical dilation on progesterone secretion and embryonic development in mares. The aim of the present study was, to investigate the effects of oxytocin administration on Day 7 post-ovulation on progesterone secretion, pregnancy rate and embryonic growth in mares. Endogenous stimulation of oxytocin release was compared to the administration of native oxytocin or the long-acting oxytocin analogue carbetocin. At Day 7 after ovulation, mares had to undergo four treatments in a crossover design: (a) control, (b) oxytocin (10 IU i.v.), (c) carbetocin (280 microg i.m.) and (d) cervical dilation. On Day 13, all mares (8 of 8 mares) were pregnant on groups control, oxytocin and c...
EIAV vector-mediated delivery of endostatin or angiostatin inhibits angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in experimental CNV. We evaluated the efficacy of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV)-based lentiviral vectors encoding endostatin (EIAV.endostatin) or angiostatin (EIAV.angiostatin) in inhibiting angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in the laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Equine infectious anaemia virus.endostatin, EIAV.angiostatin or control (EIAV.null) vectors were administered into the subretinal space of C57Bl/6J mice. Two weeks after laser injury CNV areas and the degree of vascular hyperpermeability were measured by image analysis of in vivo fluorescein angiograms. Compar...
Evidence for the expression and enzymatic activity of haem oxygenase-1 in the lungs of horses. The aim of this study was to characterise the expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in healthy lung tissue from horses and to measure its activity. Samples of lung tissue were collected from six horses euthanased for reasons other than respiratory disease. HO-1 expression and activity were detected in type II alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages and neutrophils in all the samples examined. The activity was dependent on the presence of NADPH and inhibited quantitatively by the addition of increasing concentrations of a competitive inhibitor of HO-1, tin mesoporphyrin IX.
