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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Association of endometriosis in horses with differentiation of periglandular myofibroblasts and changes of extracellular matrix proteins. Periglandular fibrosis and cystic dilation of uterine glands are associated with equine endometriosis. The presence of extracellular matrix proteins (collagen type I, III and IV, laminin and fibronectin) in healthy and endometriotic specimens was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of collagen I, but not collagen III, was dependent on the stage of the oestrous cycle. The arrangement of collagen I and collagen III in endometriotic specimens was similar to that in normal endometrium. In periglandular fibrosis, collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin deposition outside the basemen...
Efficacy of moxidectin 2 per cent gel against naturally acquired strongyle infections in horses, with particular reference to larval cyathostomes. The efficacy of moxidectin 2 per cent equine gel against naturally acquired strongyle infections was assessed in 18 ponies which had grazed on contaminated pasture before being housed for eight weeks. Twenty-four hours before the treatment, two randomly selected ponies were euthanased and their worm burdens were determined. Eight of the remaining 16 ponies were treated with moxidectin 2 per cent gel while the other eight were given a placebo gel. Eight weeks later the 16 animals were necropsied and their worm burdens established. A 100 per cent efficacy was recorded against adult and lumenal L...
The effect of the NMDA receptor blocker, dextromethorphan, on cribbing in horses. Stereotypic cribbing in horses is thought to involve excess dopaminergic activity within the striatum. Various models of stress-induced stereotypies including cribbing in horses postulate that stress stimulates the release of endorphins, triggering the release of striatal dopamine. Dopamine in turn activates basal ganglia motor programs, reinforcing behavior via a reward mechanism. Furthermore, the release of dopamine by endorphins has been shown to depend on activation of NMDA receptors. In the present study, horses identified as cribbers and volunteered by their owners were treated with the ...
Upregulation of mRNA of interleukin-1 and -6 in subchondral cystic lesions of four horses. This study investigated the potential association of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) in horses. With the technique of in situ hybridisation in paraffin sections of fibrous tissue of SCL and quantitative real-time PCR in fresh frozen fibrous tissue and undecalcified bone sections of SCL embedded in acrylic resin, upregulation of mRNA of both cytokines could be demonstrated. mRNA of IL-1beta was upregulated at the periphery of the cystic lesion adjacent to normal bone, whereas IL-6 mRNA was upregulated within the fibrous tissue found with...
The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review. Subchondral bone plays a role in the pathogenesis of osteochondral damage and osteoarthritis in horses and humans. Osteochondral fragmentation and fracture, subchondral bone necrosis and osteoarthritis are common diseases in athletic horses, and subchondral bone is now thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. There have been numerous research efforts focused on articular cartilage damage and its pathogenesis, yet comparatively little effort focused on subchondral bone pathology or the coordinated disease states of the osteochondral tissues. The purpose of this re...
The effect of bilateral palmar digital nerve analgesia on the compressive force experienced by the navicular bone in horses with navicular disease. Horses with navicular disease have an increased load on the navicular bone in early stance. This has been suggested to be a response to pain in the heel region. Seven horses with clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic signs of navicular disease underwent forceplate and kinematic analysis before and after desensitisation of the heel region with a bilateral palmar digital nerve block. The compressive force exerted on the navicular bone during stance, and stride kinematics, were determined in each state. After regional analgesia of the palmar digital nerves (PDNB) the compressive force on the n...
The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease. Mechanical overload due to poor conformation or shoeing has been suggested to contribute to the development of navicular disease. While studies have determined the compressive force exerted on the navicular bone in normal horses, this has not been reported for horses with navicular disease. Also, the force has not been converted to stress by correction for contact area. In this study we developed a technique for the determination of the contact area between the deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bone in vivo, and used a forceplate system to determine the force and stress on the bone ...
External skeletal fixation in the management of equine mandibular fractures: 16 cases (1988-1998). Fifty-three cases of equine mandibular fractures were managed surgically from 1988-1998, of which 16 (30%) were repaired by external skeletal fixation (ESF). Three surgical methods were utilised: transmandibular 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into fibreglass casting material or nonsterile dental acrylic (methyl methacrylate - MMA) bars reinforced with steel; transmandibular 9.6 mm self-tapping threaded pins +/- 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel; and 4.5 mm or 5.5 mm ASIF cortical bone screws incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with s...
Assessment of the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying in ponies by means of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test: a preliminary study. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of applying the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for assessment of gastric emptying in ponies by investigating the pattern of 13C enrichment in breath following the administration of a test meal +/- 13C-octanoic acid. After a 14 h fast, the ponies received either no meal (Test I) or a standardised test meal labelled with 0 mg (Test II), 125 mg (Test III), 250 mg (Test IV) or 500 mg (Test V) 13C-octanoic acid. For each test (I-V), exhaled breath samples were collected in duplicate at 1 h and immediately before ingestion of the test meal and at fr...
Relationships of age and shape of the navicular bone to the development of navicular disease: a radiological study. Estimating the shape of the proximal articular border of the navicular bone and grading the radiological navicular bone condition (grades 3 and 4 representing the most severe changes), the aim of this study was to assess potential age-related implications of the previously reported shape predisposition to navicular disease in 746 normal and 174 clinically affected Dutch Warmbloods age 3-19 years. A significant, age-independent, shape-grade association found in normal and affected horses emphasises the fundamental character of the shape predisposition to navicular disease. A significant age-rel...
Intra-articular pressure profiles of the cadaveric equine fetlock joint in motion. The study of the influence of motion and initial intra-articular pressure (IAP) on intra-articular pressure profiles in equine cadaver metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints was undertaken as a prelude to in vivo studies. Eleven equine cadaver MTP joints were submitted to 2 motion frequencies of 5 and 10 cycles/min of flexion and extension, simulating the condition of lower and higher (double) rates of passive motion. These frequencies were applied and pressure profiles generated with initial normal intra-articular pressure (-5 mmHg) and subsequently 30 mmHg intra-articular pressure obtained by inje...
Evaluation of high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy for diagnosis of upper respiratory tract dysfunction in horses. To evaluate high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy as a diagnostic technique and document the abnormalities found in Australian horses referred for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise but where a definitive diagnosis could not be made at rest. Methods: A retrospective clinical study using client-owned horses. Methods: The clinical records and videorecordings of all horses referred to the University of Sydney for poor performance associated with abnormal upper respiratory tract noise during a 13-month period were examined. Only horses with a normal physical exam...
ELISA and direct immunofluorescence test to detect equine arteritis virus (EAV) using a monoclonal antibody directed to the EAV-N protein. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the equine arteritis virus (EAV) nucleocapsid (N) protein was used for indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using viral antigen from different sources. The same mAb was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate for direct immunofluorescence tests (DIFTs). The N-specific mAb appeared to be suitable for the detection in both ELISA and DIFT of different EAV strains and field isolates from semen and tissue samples after passage in lines of RK-13, Vero and fetal equine kidney cells. The ELISA described is an easy and fast method which can ...
Statistical evaluation of the regulatory guidelines for use of furosemide in race horses. The pharmacokinetic behavior of furosemide concentrations in performance horses is of great interest to the equine industry and equine researchers. Specifically, such information is useful for the evaluation of the existing guidelines in several racing jurisdictions and for the possible development of new guidelines for varying time periods after administration. We studied several approaches within the framework of nonlinear mixed effects models to increase the accuracy of evaluating these guidelines. Theoretical properties of the proposed methods were examined and the variances of the resulti...
ACVR 2000 oral certification examination: large animal elective. No abstract available
Influence of Eqvalan (ivermectin) on quality and freezability of stallion semen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Eqvalan (ivermectin) on stallion semen quality and freezability. Experiments were performed using 22 Freiberger stallions, randomly divided into a control and test group. Semen was collected once a week for 17 weeks from October 1997 to February 1998. Eqvalan was given orally to all stallions of the test group at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg ivermectin/kg. Besides measuring the scrotal width, ejaculates were collected to determine the volume, concentration, and the motility and morphology (normal sperm, major defects, vacuoles and acros...
Effect of cooling of equine spermatozoa before freezing on post-thaw motility: preliminary results. The ability to ship cooled stallion semen to a facility that specializes in cryopreservation of spermatozoa would permit stallions to remain at home while their semen is cryopreserved at facilities having the equipment and expertise to freeze the semen properly. To accomplish this goal, methods must be developed to freeze cooled shipped semen. Three experiments were conducted to determine the most appropriate spermatozoal extender, package, time of centrifugation, spermatozoal concentration and length of time after collection that spermatozoa can be cooled before cryopreservation. In the first...
Glycerol hyperhydration in resting horses. To determine whether administration of glycerol-containing solutions induces a state of transient hyperhydration in resting euhydrated horses, changes in plasma and urine constituents were measured in four horses for 1 h before and 5 h after nasogastric administration of each of four treatments (Experiment 1). Treatments were applied in a randomized fashion and included: (1) 1.0 g.kg(-)(1)glycerol in 8 L of water (G); (2) 8 L of water (W); (3) 8 L of 0.9% NaCl solution (S); and (4) 1.0 g.kg(-)(1)glycerol in 8 L of 0.9% NaCl solution (GS). In a subsequent study, voluntary water intake was measu...
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the convenient serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis in mares. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Antigen preparation was simple, and antigens derived from both classical and atypical forms of T. equigenitalis enabled detection of antibody responses elicted in horses experimentally exposed to either form of the bacterium. Sera serially obtained from these horses from 0 to 63 days postexposure were tested by the traditional complement fixation test (CFT) for CEM and with the ELISA, using both antigens separat...
Ultrasound-spirometry and capnography in horses: analysis of measurement reliability. Ultrasound-spirometry and capnography and the evaluation of corresponding 'single-breath diagrams for CO2' (SBD-CO2) is a relatively new, non-invasive method for assessing pulmonary function in horses. The relative variation and the reliability of observations within measurement sessions were calculated for expiratory tidal volume, for expired CO2 volume (%) and for the phase II and phase III slopes of the SBD-CO2 in horses without pulmonary disease and in horses suffering from differing degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The coefficient of variation of expiratory tidal volume r...
Cytokeratins of the stratum medium and stratum internum of the equine hoof wall in acute laminitis. The cytoskeleton of living keratinocytes consists mainly of cytokeratins that have polymerised into intermediate filaments. The aim of this study was to describe the expression of cytokeratins in the living epidermal cells of the weight-bearing parts of the equine hoof wall during acute spontaneous laminitis. A total of 9 hooves from 3 horses subjected to euthanasia within 48 h of the first clinical signs of laminitis were sectioned and examined. The cytokeratins in the stratum medium and stratum internum of the hoof wall were characterized by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the ...
Rapid PCR detection of Salmonella in horse faecal samples. A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detecting Salmonella in faeces of horses and assessed on samples from horses admitted to a veterinary hospital. Direct detection was achieved by amplification of part of ompC after extraction of DNA from faeces using a spin column method to reduce the amount of inhibitory substances in samples. An internal positive control was included to detect false negative results. While the sensitivity of the PCR assay was less than culture when assessed on faeces inoculated with Salmonella, its sensitivity on faecal samples obtained from hor...
Design and validation of an ELISA for equine infectious anemia (EIA) diagnosis using synthetic peptides. Three peptides derived from the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) surface proteins were synthesized to design and validate an ELISA for EIA diagnosis. Peptides identified as gp90-I and gp90-II correspond to the N- and C-terminal part of the surface glycoprotein gp90. Peptide gp45-1 overlaps the immunodominant epitope CIERTHVFC of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp45, and includes a hydrophilic chain close to the N-terminal end of this nonapeptide loop. Serum samples from 140 naturally infected horses with EIAV and a panel of 167 non-immune equine sera obtained from non-infected animals were...
The effect of implanting gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads in the tarsocrural joint of the horse. To determine the effect of intra-articular gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads inserted in the equine tarsocrural joint on the synovial fluid, synovial lining, and cartilage, and to determine the peak and sustainable gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma. Methods: Pharmacokinetic, cytologic, and histologic study of the effect of gentamicin-impregnated PMMA on normal equine tarsocrural joints. Methods: Five healthy adult horses. Methods: Gentamicin-impregnated PMMA bead strands (3 strands each of 40 beads, with each strand containing 100 mg gentamicin) we...
Putative uremic encephalopathy in horses: five cases (1978-1998). To determine historical, physical examination, clinicopathologic, and postmortem findings in horses with putative uremic encephalopathy. Design-Retrospective study. Animals-5 horses with renal failure and neurologic disease not attributable to abnormalities in any other organ system. Methods: Medical records from 1978 to 1998 were examined for horses with renal disease and neurologic signs not attributable to primary neurologic, hepatic, or other diseases. Signalment, history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic data, renal ultrasonographic findings, and postmortem data were revie...
Clinical experiences with axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds in 52 racehorses. To describe the clinical findings in 52 racehorses with axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (ADAF) and to report outcome in 33 of these horses after either rest or transendoscopic laser excision of aryepiglottic fold tissue. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Racehorses admitted for high-speed treadmill (HST) evaluation of poor performance. Methods: Medical records and videotapes of resting and exercising videoendoscopic examinations were reviewed. Racing performance records and owner or trainer interviews, at least 1 year after HST examination, were used to compare results after ei...
Thoracoscopic-assisted diaphragmatic hernia repair using a thoracic rib resection. To describe the surgical treatment of a dorsal diaphragmatic hernia in an adult horse using thoracic rib resection aided by thoracoscopy and a flank incision. Methods: Case report. Methods: One client-owned horse. Results: A six-year-old Dutch warmblood gelding was admitted for colic-associated colonic incarceration in a diaphragmatic hernia. Seven weeks after the initial colic surgery, the gelding underwent surgery to repair the defect. Thoracoscopy and a flank incision were used to identify the location of the hernia and the subsequent site of rib resection. The stomach was adhered to the ed...
