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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Influence of dopamine and dobutamine on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent, ventilated ponies. The influence of different rates of dopamine and dobutamine on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anesthesia was studied in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. Haemodynamic and respiratory responses were investigated by means of cardiac output (CO) determination (thermodilution technique), mean systemic (MAP) and pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). An important cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases (55% of the standing values) in CO, cardiac index (CI), MAP, MPA...
Identification of thiabendazole-resistant cyathostome species in Louisiana. A critical trial was performed with five ponies 6-9 months of age and raised on a horse farm with demonstrated benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes. Eleven species of cyathostomes were recovered, seven of which had resistance to thiabendazole. Degrees of resistance varied among ponies and from species to species. Resistant species were Cyathostomum coronatum, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus minutus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi and Cylicocylus nassatus. This is the first study identifying resistant cyathostome species in the Gulf Coast...
Advances in motion analysis. Time magnification in motion photography allows the observation of events in the stride cycle that normally are beyond the resolution of the human eye. Quantitative analysis goes a stage further by measuring the stride in terms of timing, distance, and angular variables. Motion analysis is a good technique for detecting left-right asymmetries of gait, and the nature of the asymmetries has some value in locating the site of a lameness. Repeated analyses of the same horse allow an objective assessment of the effects of local anesthesia, surgical treatment, or medication. It is anticipated that t...
[Clinical case report: unilateral malformation of the eye of a thoroughbred foal]. A unilateral malformation of the eye of a thoroughbred foal is described. The specific form of the tiny lens we named, "lenticulus". It is correlated with a maximal unchangeable mydriasis. The bulb shows physiological size. A brown-black pigmented mass inhibited (internal) inspection and examination of the middle and rear part of the eye. Special emphasis is laid on the insecure behaviour of the foal. A connection with an iridocyclochoroiditis, which was treated in the mare about a year ago, and the pathological changes in the eye of the foal is not evident.
[Stomach ulcers in the horse–clinical and gastroscopic findings in 12 horses (1989-1990)]. Twelve horses with clinical symptoms of a gastric disorder were studied by gastroscopy. Symptoms of gastric disorders were periprandial colic, bruxism, ructus and reflux. Preliminary to gastroscopy the horses were fasted for 24 h. Access to water was not restricted. The gastroscopy could be conducted easily using a fiberscope 2.5 m in length and 11 mm in outer diameter. While ulcers were present in the squamous fundus of all horses only one horse showed ulceration of the glandular fundus. Solitary ulcers near the margo plicatus were found in horses with mild clinical symptoms. In contrast, dif...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of horses with thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein: 46 cases (1985-1988). Medical records of 46 horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis that were evaluated ultrasonographically were reviewed. The ultrasonographic appearance of the thrombus within the jugular vein was classified as noncavitating if it had uniform low to medium amplitude echoes, or as cavitating if it was heterogenous with anechoic to hypoechoic areas representing fluid or necrotic areas within the thrombus, and/or hyperechoic areas representing gas. Signs of pain on palpation of the affected vein (P less than 0.001), heat over the vein (P = 0.001), and swelling of the vein (P less than 0.05) were s...
Atypical cilia in the tracheal epithelium of healthy horses. Specimens of the tracheal epithelium were obtained from two sites in nine healthy horses by a fibre optic endoscope. Electron microscopic examination of 53,550 cilia revealed that 5.2 per cent of cilia were atypical. Nine hundred and seventeen (1.7 per cent) were compound, 78 (0.15 per cent) were swollen, 27 (0.05 per cent) were intracytoplasmic and 171 (3.35 per cent) had microtubular defects. These microtubular defects (159 peripheral and 12 central) were found in 5103 cross-sectioned cilia.
Nuclear imaging techniques for equine respiratory disease. When performed on selected clinical cases, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy provides valuable additional information on regional lung function that is not obtainable from conventional thoracic radiographs. This is particularly true of horses with EIPH, COPD, and those suspected of having some form of small-airway disease. For horses with EIPH, the presence of a perfusion deficit on the scan is considered a key prognostic sign, because it is likely in these cases that irreversible bronchial arterial takeover has occurred in the affected areas of lung. Findings from horses with COPD have impro...
Future diagnostic methods. A brief look at new technologies and their potential application to equine diagnosis. We live in an age in which highly sophisticated computerized equipment and imaging methods are becoming increasingly available. Demand from clients requires that we as veterinary professionals keep our eyes on the future potential of these technologies for diagnosis and treatment. This article briefly reviews some of the techniques that are just around the corner for the progressive equine practitioner.
Treadmill exercise testing. Treadmill installation and training protocols used for clinical evaluations of equine athletes. The use of motorized treadmills has made it possible to evaluate equine poor performance with sophisticated diagnostic techniques during peak exercise. Treadmill exercise tests currently being used for clinical evaluations include treadmill gait analysis, dynamic hoof balancing, endoscopic evaluation of upper airway function, and exercise performance profiling. Large motorized treadmills (1 to 1.5 m in width and 4 to 5 m in length) are best suited for clinical evaluations. Ideally, the treadmill should be installed in-ground using a pit. This type of installation results in the tread surface b...
Effects of amnion and live yeast cell derivative on second-intention healing in horses. Equine amnion and live yeast cell derivative were evaluated as a biological dressing and as a topical wound medicament respectively, in the treatment of granulating wounds of the distal portion of the limbs of horses. Wounds measuring 2.5 x 2.5 cm were created on the dorsomedial aspect of the metacarpal and metatarsal region of all 4 limbs of 9 horses. Each wound was assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatment groups: group C, treated with a nonadherent bandage as a control; group A, treated with amnion beneath a nonadherent bandage; and group L, treated with live yeast cell derivative beneath a non...
Resistance of population-B equine strongyles to thiabendazole, oxfendazole, and phenothiazine (1981 to 1987). Critical tests were completed on foals (n = 15) naturally infected with benzimidazole (BZ)-resistant population-B strongyles during the period between 1981 and 1987. Thiabendazole at a dosage of 44 mg/kg was tested in 8 foals, oxfendazole at 10 mg/kg was tested in 4 foals, and phenothiazine at 55 mg/kg, cambendazole at 20 mg/kg, and fenbendazole at 5 mg/kg were tested in 1 foal each. Efficacies of thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole against the 5 species of BZ-resistant small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocylus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and ...
Application of clinical exercise testing for identification of respiratory fitness and disease in the equine athlete. Maximal exercise testing is a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of exercise intolerance and level of fitness in the equine athlete. A description of the standardized incremental exercise testing protocol and interpretation of the results of the test is followed by a discussion of more specific diagnostic techniques aimed at identifying pulmonary dysfunction as a cause of suboptimal performance.
[Postcoital uterine microbe colonization and endometritis in the mare]. In the mare, natural breeding is associated with bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract. The purpose of this study was to examine postcoital bacterial contamination and the resulting inflammatory response of the uterus. Uterine swabs for bacteriological and cytological examination were obtained from 80 mares. Each mare was sampled once between 4 and 69 hours postbreeding. In mares which did not conceive, sampling was repeated at the following estrus. The findings were compared with those obtained prior to breeding and correlated with the breeding outcome. Bacteria were cultured from...
Attempts to immunoprotect adult horses, specifically pregnant mares, with commercial vaccines against clinical disease induced by equine herpesvirus-1. In a project lasting 4 years more than 300 Lipizzans, around 180 of them adults, were vaccinated systematically against Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and representative groups thereof were serologically controlled for their antibody responses. In part, vaccination intervals recommended on packing slips were followed, in part other intervals, implicated by intermediary results, were used. A live virus vaccine proved ineffective if humoral antibodies were present. An oil-adjuvanted vaccine proved of highest antiviral immunogenicity, but after repeated revaccinations caused severe local reactions ...
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lesions of horses. Seventy-six Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various lesions of horses were characterized. All of the 76 strains were identified as biotypes B (38.2%) and C (61.8%). Of 55 strains tested, 42 (76.4%) were differentiated into 7 coagulase types. Coagulase types V and VII were predominant in the metritis strains. Coagulase type II was found most frequently in the strains from phlegmon, dermatitis, sinusitis, empyema sinus, and nasal catarrh. Forty-two (55.3%) of the 76 strains were differentiated into 24 phage patterns. Twenty (58.8%) of 34 typable strains from metritis were lysed by th...
Nonsurgical removal of chondroid masses from the guttural pouches of two horses. Chondroid masses were successfully removed from the guttural pouches of 2 horses, using an endoscope, a snare, and a vacuum pump. This technique is an alternative to surgical removal of chondroid masses in patients when basic lavage of the affected guttural pouch is ineffective. Complications were not encountered. Advantages of this snare technique include avoidance of surgery and its potential complications, minimal recovery time, and minimal expense.
Extender and centrifugation effects on the motility patterns of slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa. Slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa, with and without seminal plasma removed by centrifugation, were diluted in Kenney's extender (KE) containing nonfat dry skim milk with glucose and antibiotics or in KE supplemented by adding a modified high-potassium Tyrode's medium (KMT). Four ejaculates from each of four stallions were collected and divided factorially across these four treatments. Percentage of motile sperm, path velocity, and linearity immediately after treatment (0 h) and after storage at 4 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h were evaluated objectively by use of a HTM-2030 sperm motility analy...
Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography. The effects of sedation with detomidine on oesophageal function were assessed by contrast radiography in 10 healthy adult thoroughbred horses. Barium swallows were monitored by means of image intensification, first without sedation and then after the intravenous administration of detomidine at doses of 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bodyweight. The transit time of contrast agent to the oesophageal hiatus was recorded and each swallow was scored for markers of oesophageal dysfunction. Analysis of the data indicated that there were highly significant dose dependent increases in the transit time, the re...
Transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser excision of tracheal lesions in two horses. Two male racehorses (1 Standardbred, 1 Thoroughbred) were examined because of intraluminal cervical tracheal lesions, located 60 to 70 cm from the nares. A contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser with a chisel probe attached to the fiber end was used to transendoscopically debride a nonhealing tracheal ulcer and to excise a pyogranulomatous mass. In both horses, the surgical sites healed quickly and the lesions did not redevelop.
Renosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 33 cases (1984-1989). Between 1984 and 1989, 33 horses were diagnosed with renosplenic entrapment of the large colon. Duration of colic, signalment, physical findings, and laboratory values were determined, and treatment methods were evaluated. Nonsurgical correction was attempted in 22 of the horses with suspected renosplenic entrapment of the large colon and was successful in 11 cases. Survival and complication rates also were determined. Nonsurgical correction is a viable alternative to immediate surgery for renosplenic entrapment of the large colon, if cases are selected properly.
Surgical correction of strictures of the large colon in three horses. An extensive stricture of the left dorsal colon in a Thoroughbred colt was resected and the colon was anastomosed. In two horses, circumferential strictures at the pelvic flexure 2.5 to 3 cm long were corrected with a modified Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty technique. The horses were reported to be doing well at 6, 8, and 45 months, respectively.
Bovine laminitis: clinical aspects, pathology and pathogenesis with reference to acute equine laminitis. This review deals with the features of clinical and subclinical laminitis in cattle. Prominent clinical signs of acute laminitis are a tender gait and arched back. The sole horn reveals red and yellowish discolourations within five days. In subacute and chronic cases clinical signs are less severe. In chronic laminitis the shape of the claws is altered. Laminitis is frequently followed by sole ulceration and white zone lesions. Blood tests showed no significant changes for laminitic animals. Arteriographic studies of claws affected by laminitis indicated that blood vessels had narrowed lumens....
A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses. Six combinations of injectable anesthetic agents were administered to six adult horses in a Latin square design. The drug combinations were xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam, detomidine-ketamine, and detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine. Measured variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial pH (pHa), PaCO2, PaO2, recumbency time, and number of attempts necessary to stand. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation, and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively....
Distribution of leucocyte antigens in Icelandic horses affected with summer eczema compared to non-affected horses. Three hundred and three horses, exported from Iceland to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland or Germany were tested for their distribution of leucocyte antigens. One hundred and thirty-six horses were affected with summer eczema. The panel of sera recognised the internationally accepted ELA-specificities A 1 to A10, and the nine work shop specificities W 11 to W 15 and W 18 to W 21. Also, some local specificities, characterised in Switzerland (Be I, Be III, Be 8, Be 25, Be 26, Be 27), and two non major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked antigens (Ely 1:1, Ely 2) were included. Only one a...
In vitro responses of distal airways in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Distal airway segments (ID, 3 to 4 mm; length, 5 mm) from 2 groups of horses were isolated and suspended in tissue baths filled with Krebs solution, aerated with 5% CO2 in oxygen and maintained at 37 degrees C. Responses to exogenous acetylcholine, isoproterenol, or electrical field stimulation were compared. Control horses (n = 30) had no history of recurrent airway obstruction, whereas principal horses (n = 15) had recurrent airway obstruction and were studied during an acute episode of airway obstruction. Although the distal airways contracted in response to the cumulative half-logarithmic ...
