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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Copper-induced GSH depletion and methaemoglobin formation in vitro in erythrocytes of some domestic animals and man. A comparative study. Reduced glutathione (GSH), per cent methaemoglobin and haemolysis were measured in physiologic saline suspensions of erythrocytes from sheep, goat, cattle, horse, swine and man; incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees with and without copper sulphate (0,5 and 10 micrograms Cu/ml suspension). Formation of Heinz bodies was studied in similar experiments with sheep and swine cells only. Generally, GSH depletion developed first, followed by methaemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies, while haemolysis was limited. Both spontaneous and copper-induced GSH depletion was slow in swine erythrocytes compared to ot...
A comparison of the complement fixation and immunofluorescent antibody tests in a survey of the prevalence of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horses in the Sultanate of Oman. The incidence of antibodies to Babesia equi and B. caballi in horses in the Royal Stables of His Majesty the Sultan of Oman was assessed by complement fixation (CF) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Two series of samples taken with a 2-year interval, mainly from animals reared in Oman, indicated a stable but high prevalence of antibodies. On the 2 occasions 94.6 and 97.7% respectively were positive to B. equi by IFA and 76.8 and 75.0% were positive by CF. For B. caballi the corresponding percentage figures were lower--67.9 and 40.9 by IFA and 30.4 and 40.9 by CF. A group of animals t...
Comparative studies of alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme: the proteins of kangaroo (Megaleia rufa and Macropus giganteus) and horse (Equus caballus). As part of a study of the 'whey' proteins of various mammals, a comparison is made of the alpha-lactalbumins and lysozymes of the kangaroo and horse. In the milk of the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) there is only one alpha-lactalbumin and it occurs throughout lactation, but no lysozyme has been detected. There are two alpha-lactalbumins in the milk of the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), one, designated alpha-lactalbumin Zone B, is present throughout lactation; the second, designated alpha-lactalbumin Zone A, is present only in late lactation. One lysozyme is also present. The milk of the ho...
Variation of acidic prealbumins in the donkey (Equus asinus). Starch gel electrophoresis of 55 donkey serum samples revealed three prealbumin (Pr) phenotypes temporarily designated Pr M, Pr MT and Pr T. The distribution was in agreement with a genetic theory of two codominant alleles of frequencies, PrM = 0.87 and PrT - 0.13. Variation was also observed for proteins migrating with the same rate as the Xh zones in the horse.
Morphometric and electrophysiologic study of the photoreceptors in the horse. No abstract available
[Structure and topography of nucleus dorsalis in the spinal cord of horses]. The material for the study was taken from 2 spinal cords of sexually mature horses. Preparations obtained from this material were stained according to Nissl and with the use of cresyl violet. The nucleus dorsalis of the horse extends from the 8th cervical neuromere to the 3rd lumbar neuromere of the spinal cord. The cells which form this nucleus lie in the grey matter of the spinal cord, dorsolaterally of the central canal. The nucleus dorsalis is made out of large and medium-size round and oval cells. The characteristic feature of the structure and configuration of this nucleus in the horse i...
[Bacteriological studies of Haemophilus equigenitalis Taylor 1978, the causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977 (author’s transl)]. The cultural, biochemical, antigenic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of 17 strains of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causative organism of contagious equine metritis (CEM), were studied. Biochemical characteristics were investigated using both conventional method and the API ZYM system of enzyme detection. The biochemical profile of the H. equigenitalis strains was unique and differed from the other bacterial species studied under the same experimental conditions (H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae, B. abortus and B. melitensis, P. multocida, A. calcoaceticus). The required X an...
Serum quality: an analysis of its components. Foetal and new born bovine sera, horse serum, human serum and human plasma, and protein solutions prepared from the by-products of human plasma fractionation have been analysed. Foetal bovine sera were found to have lower total protein (g/l) and % of gamma-globulin than the other sera studied while the potassium (mmol/1) was higher. Protease inhibitors could be detected in all specimens tested.
A new method for the isolation of aminoacylase from mammalian kidneys. Aminoacylase (E.C. 3.5.1.14) was isolated from the kidneys of different mammalian species (horse, cattle, rabbit and pig) by extracting the organ with water and subjecting the extract to heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min, then, after having removed denatured proteins by fractionating those remaining in the solution by ammonium sulfate. The enzyme obtained in this way can either be used directly for practical purposes (e.g. preparation of immobilized aminoacylase) or further purified by chromatography. For the further purification of porcine kidney aminoacylase we applied a combination ...
Enflurane anesthesia in the pony: a comparative study between enflurane and halothane. Enflurane, a new volatile anesthetic agent, was compared with halothane as components of a commonly used clinical anesthetic regime in the pony. Enflurane provides satisfactory general anesthesia when administered at a maintenance concentration of approximately 1.5-2.5%, in combination with a 1:1 nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture. With both agents cardiac rhythm and pulse were stable, however significant arterial hypotension occurred, especially during and following induction, being anesthetic concentration dependent. Hypoventilation was induced by both agents, there being no significant quantitati...
An examination of chromosomes in the stallion (Equus caballus) during meiosis. Meiotic preparations were made from testicular material obtained after surgical castration of eight stallions (Equus caballus) with normal spermatogenesis. The material was examined after conventional Giemsa staining and C-banding. C-banding demonstrated that the Y chromosome at diakinesis associated with the short arm of the X chromosome. In 315 cells at diplotene or diakinesis, 56 (17.7%) had univalents and 51 (16.1%) of these involved the sex chromosomes. The overall mean chiasma number was 54.4 +/- 1.8 SD, and the mean calculated nondisjunction (ND) frequency was 3.4%. These results are di...
Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnant mares. Serum alkaline phosphatase was measured in ten mares during various stages of gestation. No significant change in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was detected during pregnancy. These data suggest that interpretation of serum alkaline phosphatase in horses can be made independently of their pregnancy status.
[Pharmacokinetic model studies of sulfamerazine in domestic mammals. 5. Resorption of Mebacid tablets in large animals]. The formula proposed by RITSCHEL (1973) for calculation of rates of resorption is explained and modified for use of the monocompartment model. Resorption rates were calculated for cattle, calf, horse, and sheep, with reference being made to the example of Mebacid tablets. The most favourable rate of resorption was established for calf.
Equine marker genes. Polymorphism for transferrin alleles, TfF1 and TfF2, in Thoroughbreds. The equine transferrin F variant is distinguishable into two types, F1 and F2, on alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gene frequencies in 63 related Thoroughbreds are 0.39 and 0.19 for TfF1 and TfF2, respectively. In contrast the frequencies for these two alleles in 375 related Standardbreds is 0.00 and 0.59.
[Pharmacokinetic model studies of sulfamerazine in domestic mammals. 1. Elimination of Mebacid 200 following intravenous administration to large animals]. Pharmacokinetic data of sulphamerazine were recorded from eight heads each of calf, adult cattle, horse, and sheep, following intravenous application of Mebacid 200, and mathematical implications were discussed. Exponential excretion was recorded from all species, according to the following equation: c = B x e-k2 x t The most favourable pharmacokinetic parameters were recorded from calf.
Pharmacological and immunological aspects of histamine release from horse leucocytes. Pharmacological histamine releasing agents, such as compound 48/80, poly-L-lysine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; beta 1-24 available commercially as Synacthen), catecholamines, purine bases, etc., are well known to induce histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells and mast cells of other species; and to a lesser extent from peripheral blood leucocytes. It is reported in this paper that several of these potent histamine-releasing agents induce little or no histamine release from horse leucocytes. In particular the calcium ionophore A 23187 induced no histamine release. On the other ...
Ultrastructure of Haemophilus equigenitalis, causative agent of contagious equine metritis. Haemophilus equigenitalis, a proposed new species of Haemophilus and the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, a venereal disease of the horse, had ultrastructural characteristics of gram-negative bacteria. The organism additionally had a small, threadlike capsule that was removed by heating in phosphate-buffered saline solution. Heating also detached the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane. The capsule could only be demonstrated when bacterial were stained with ruthenium red during the preparation of ultrathin sections. The gross morphology of newly isolated organisms (rodli...
Direct measurement of biliary bilirubin excretion in ponies during fasting. Biliary excretion of bilirubin, including the conjugate composition, was studied during feeding and during a 2.5-day fast of three pony mares with chronic external biliary (T-tube) fistulas. Fasting bilirubin excretion (1.96 +/- 0.74 microgram/min/kg of body weight), after establishing a new steady state, was not different from excretion during feeding (1.99 +/- 0.45 microgram/min/kg). Hyperbilirubinemia of fasting resulted from a reduced removal of plasma bilirubin rather than from an increased input of bilirubin into the plasma. Relative plasma excretion of the individual conjugate fractions...
Quantitative comparisons of acidic prealbumin (PR) phenotypes in horses. Comparisons of Pr protein amounts in horse sera have been performed using .’s (1965) immunodiffusion technique. Relative values against a chosen standard of 100 % were determined for a total of 435 horses. There was considerable variation between horses, the highest Pr value being 125 and the lowest 50 % of the standard. In animals of the same Pr phenotype the mean Pr values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in foals than in mares. In Norwegian Trotter horses the Pr value of Pr NN animals was significantly higher than that of Pr SS phenotypes, whereas the mean Pr values of Pr SS was sig...
Teratogenicity and toxicity of coniine in cows, ewes, and mares. Cows, ewes, and mares varied considerably in susceptibility to toxicoses from the oral administration of the piperidine alkaloid, coniine. Cows were most susceptible and ewes least. Only calves had teratogenic effects from maternal administration of coniine during gestation; lambs and foals were apparently resistant. Results suggest that the marked differences between cattle and sheep are probably not due to variation in gut absorption or rumen metabolism.
[Estimation of milk production in the nursing mare by labeling the body water of the foal]. Female milk production was related to offspring water turnover, estimated by a tracer method (fig. 1). After deuterium oxide was injected into the blood of the offspring, we measured the decrease of its concentration in time. Milk intake was calculated by equations taking into account the weight gain of the offspring. The reliability of this method was checked in 28 bottle-fed lambs with known milk intake; the correlation between the actual intakes and our estimates was 0.98 with an error means of 5.6 p. 100. The error on the mean of 28 lambs was 0.5 p. 100 (table 1). The milk production of 6 ...
[Comparative study of the digestion of a complete food in the pony and the rabbit]. A complete pelleted diet (table 1) containing 11 p. 100 of crude protein and 17 p. 100 of cellulose (ADF-lignine according to the method of Van Soest) was distributed to ponies and rabbits. Total digestibilities, partial cumulative digestibilities in different compartments of the digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, caecum, proximal and distal colon) and changes in biochemical composition, measured by pH, VFA, lactic acid and ammonia concentrations, were compared. Total digestibilities (table 2). There was no significant difference in dry matter between the two species. Crude protein dig...
Postural effects on lung volumes and asynchronous ventilation in anesthetized horses. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves and single-breath nitrogen washouts were performed simultaneously on eight anesthetized horses (average body wt = 485 kg) in left lateral, right lateral, prone, and supine postures (sequence randomized). The shift from prone to lateral or supine posture decreased expiratory reserve volume (ERV), vital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC); RV and FRC expressed as %TLC were unchanged, suggesting that in the lateral and supine postures a significant portion of the lung volume was not recruited by...
Estrus, ovulation, and serum hormones in mares given prostaglandin F2 alpha, estradiol, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was injected in mares given prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) to induce luteolysis in an attempt to sunchronize ovulation. Pretreatment with estradiol-17 beta (E2-17 beta) was used to determine whether or not estradiol would enhance the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) after treatment with GnRH. Twelve mares were used in a balanced Latin square crossover design. Mares were injected with PGF2 alpha, treatment A; PGF2 alpha mgnRH, treatment B; or PGF2 alpha me2-17 beta mgnRH, treatment C. The interval +/- SEM from PGF2 alpha injection to estrus was 3....
