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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
In vitro responses of equine small airways and lung parenchyma. In vitro responses of equine small peripheral airways (SA) and lung parenchyma (LP) were studied. We examined their contractile and relaxant responses and investigated effects of histamine, and endogenous prostanoids as these mediators may play a role in development or recurrent airway obstruction in horses (heaves). SA and LP electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced nearly maximal and partial frequency-dependent contractions, respectively. These contractions were virtually abolished in SA but only partially inhibited in LP by atropine (ATR) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Methacholine (MCh) contrac...
Lateral buccotomy for removal of a supernumerary cheek tooth in a horse. A 3-year-old female Standardbred was admitted for evaluation of a firm swelling on the right side located rostral to the facial crest and a firm intraoral swelling located rostral to the erupted cheek teeth. Examination of skull radiographs revealed a supernumerary cheek tooth rostral to the erupted third premolar. The supernumerary tooth was removed via lateral buccotomy. The horse did not have complications after surgery and resumed racing. Lateral buccotomy should be considered for removal of rostrally located maxillary or mandibular cheek teeth. Supernumerary cheek teeth can be found in lo...
A case of a pony with Cushing’s disease. The pars intermedia of the pituitary gland, and plasma ACTH and cortisol levels in the pony, which was first diagnosed in Japan as indicating equine Cushing's disease, were examined by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The pars intermedia was greatly enlarged and most of its cells were immunoreactive for antisera to both adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and beta-endorphin (beta-End). The plasma ACTH level was elevated when clinical symptoms appeared. The present results reveal that equine Cushing's disease in this pony was induced by the hypersecretion of ACTH and beta-...
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser treatment of cystic granula iridica in horses: eight cases (1988-1996). To determine clinical features of cystic granula iridica in horses and outcome of horses treated with an ophthalmic neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 8 horses. Methods: An ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser was used to deflate cysts in all horses. Results: Horses were examined because of visual impairment (n = 5), decreased jumping performance (2), or head shaking (1). Clinical signs associated with cysts resolved in all horses after treatment. Short- and long-term complications did not develop, and cysts did not recur. Conclusions: Cystic granula ir...
Overwhelming strongyloidosis in a foal. A 6-month-old foal was evaluated because of weakness, weight loss, and inappetence of 3 weeks' duration. On initial examination, the foal was weak, poorly responsive, and emaciated. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included anemia and hypoproteinemia. Because of its severe debilitation, the foal was euthantized. Necropsy revealed marked infection of the small intestine with Strongyloides westeri and severe edema of the entire gastrointestinal tract. The foal had been orphaned when it was 6 hours old and raised in isolation from other horses. We believe that this foal developed overwhelming stro...
Detection of equine arteritis virus in the semen of carrier stallions by using a sensitive nested PCR assay. A nested PCR, developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in semen, detected less than 2.5 PFU of EAV per ml of naturally infected seminal plasma. Based on results from testing 88 semen samples from 70 stallions, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 100 and 97%, respectively.
Adjunctive methods in equine gastrointestinal surgery. The medical management of postoperative abdominal disorders remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the equine clinician. Recent advances in the development of techniques and medications to offset or attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxemia, and ileus are encouraging and potentially will decrease the incidence of additional complications.
Sepsis of the common digital extensor tendon sheath secondary to hemicircumferential periosteal transection in a foal. A 4-month-old Quarter Horse was admitted for evaluation of infection that developed following bilateral hemicircumferential periosteal transection and elevation. Sepsis of the common digital extensor tendon sheath was diagnosed. Treatment included lavage of the tendon sheath, placement of an indwelling drain for lavage after surgery, establishment of drainage, and administration of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Three months after treatment, the foal was clinically normal.
Epidemiology of colic. Understanding the epidemiology of equine colic is directly relevant to the management of individual horses with colic. In this article, the epidemiology of colic is reviewed with emphasis on epidemiologic studies that have identified specific factors associated with increased risk of colic and epidemiologic studies that are designed to predict the need for surgery and prognosis in horses with colic. Despite the magnitude of the problem of equine colic, much remains to be learned about the epidemiology of this disease.
Surgical treatment of progressive ethmoidal hematoma aided by computed tomography in a foal. A progressive ethmoidal hematoma (PEH) was treated successfully in a 4-week-old Belgian filly by surgical removal, using a frontonasal bone flap. The filly had respiratory stridor, epistaxis, and facial enlargement over the left paranasal sinuses, which had progressively increased in size since birth. Computed tomographic images of the head obtained with the foal under general anesthesia were useful in determining the extent and nature of the soft-tissue mass and planning surgical intervention. On the basis of the histologic appearance of the mass, a diagnosis of PEH was made. Twelve months af...
Abdominal surgery in foals. Foals are good candidates for abdominal surgery because their smaller size permits a more complete abdominal exploration and frequently definitive procedures in many cases. The use of rectal examination is replaced with alternative diagnostic modalities such as barium contrast radiography and ultrasonography. With the advancements in these technologies they can distinguish common gastrointestinal lesions and, in most cases, provide sufficient information to guide surgical intervention. The unique aspects of diagnosis and surgical management of gastrointestinal disorders of the foal are discuss...
FISH mapping of the IGF2 gene in horse and donkey-detection of homoeology with HSA11. Three genomic subclones derived from a phage clone containing the equine IGF2 gene were used to FISH map the gene on horse (ECA) and donkey (EAS) metaphase chromosomes. The gene mapped on ECA 12q13 band and is the first locus mapped to this horse chromosome. In donkey the gene mapped very terminal on the long arm of one small submetacentric chromosome that shows almost identical DAPI-banding pattern with ECA12. This is the first locus mapped in donkey genome. Cross species chromosome painting of equine metaphase chromosomes with human Chromosome (Chr) 11-specific probe showed homoeology of thi...
Caecal disease in equids. To review the breed, age, gender, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with caecal disease presented to a referral centre. Methods: Retrospective study of 96 cases. Methods: The breed, age, and gender of the study population were compared with the corresponding hospital population for the same period. The means (+/- SD) for clinical and laboratory findings were recorded for each caecal disorder. Treatment was categorised as medical or surgical, and outcome was recorded. Results: Caecal diseases included impaction (40% of total cases), rupture associated with concur...
Successful transfer of biopsied equine embryos. Embryo biopsy has been used to detect inherited disorders and to improve the phenotype by analyzing of linkages between marker loci and the desired characteristics. Unfortunately, early procedures required the removal of a large portion (one-half) of the embryo for analysis, and the transfer of bisected equine embryos has not been particularly successful. Recent discovery of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made possible the detection of specific DNA sequences from only a few cells. We investigated whether the removal of a small biopsy would allow for successful PCR and normal embryonic...
Detection of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses. To determine the potential usefulness of tests for detection of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses. Methods: Blood from 3 healthy Thoroughbreds. Methods: Microscopic and flow cytometric assays were used to evaluate spontaneous platelet aggregation, platelet activation, and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Platelet activation was detected by evaluation of binding of anti-human fibrinogen to unactivated and ADP-, thrombin-, thrombin agonist receptor peptide-, and platelet activating factor-activated platelets. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates were evaluated microscopicall...
Linkage of the gene for equine combined immunodeficiency disease to microsatellite markers HTG8 and HTG4; synteny and FISH mapping to ECA9. Equine combined immunodeficiency disease (CID) is caused by homozygosity for an autosomal recessive gene. To identify linked markers for the disease, we studied a family segregating for the equine CID gene. A stallion and 19 of his CID-affected offspring were tested for marker segregation at 23 microsatellite DNA loci. His CID-affected offspring inherited only one of his two alleles at the HTG8 and HTG4 loci, namely HTG8-186 and HTG4-124, respectively. Lod scores for linkage to the CID gene using a theta of 0.01 were 5.34 for HTG8 and 2.37 for HTG4. The apparent genotypes also suggested linkag...
The use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma equiperdum in Ethiopian horses. A field study involving 309 horses was undertaken in the provinces of Arsi and Bale in the Ethiopian highlands to investigate the prevalence of Trypanosoma equiperdum infections using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of both trypanosomal antigen and antibody. Adult horses of both sexes were examined for clinical signs of T. equiperdum infection and serum samples were collected for the assays. One hundred and one horses showed the presence of trypanosomal antibodies in their serum and 70 animals showed typical clinical signs of dourine. Nineteen horses showed the pr...
Micropreparative high resolution purification of proteins by a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and membrane blotting. We report a simple, economical, and efficient protocol for protein purification from cells. First, proteins of cell lysates were separated by standard sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electroblotted to protein-blotting membrane. The blots were stained with Coomassie blue or developed by immunoblotting to visualize specific proteins. The bands corresponding to those visible by immunoblotting were excised from the dye-stained blots and subjected to isoelectric focusing. The focused gel was stained with Coomassie blue. Finally, the stained bands were excise...
A 12-year retrospective study of equine abortion in Michigan. No abstract available
