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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
Genomic sequences of bovine papillomaviruses in formalin-fixed sarcoids from Australian horses revealed by polymerase chain reaction. Seventy six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sarcoids from 62 Australian horses, collected over a ten year period, were examined for the presence of genomic sequences from bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2 (BPV1, BPV2) with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequences that could be amplified by primers specific for BPV1 and BPV2 were present in 56 of the 76 sarcoids (73%). A restriction site present in BPV1 and absent from BPV2 was detected in 28 of 34 amplified products that were treated with endonuclease.
Effect of ligation on internal carotid artery blood pressure in horses. The effect of a single ligature on back pressure in the internal carotid artery was studied in nine horses. In six anesthetized horses, one internal carotid artery was catheterized 2 cm from its origin and blood pressure was recorded continuously. Then the artery was ligated, pressure was recorded again, and the horses were euthanatized. In another three anesthetized horses, indwelling catheters were placed in both internal carotid arteries and a loose ligature was placed proximal to one catheter. After horses recovered from anesthesia, the ligature was tied and blood pressure was recorded in ...
Measurement by ELISA of equine alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor in uterine flushings from mares. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and used to estimate the concentrations of the serine proteinase inhibitor, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API), in uterine flushings recovered from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle and before and after the induction of experimental endometritis. There was a significant increase in the concentrations of API and albumin relative to total protein in flushings recovered during oestrus compared with dioestrus but no difference was observed in the concentrations of these proteins relative to total protein before and after the ...
Comparison of measured and calculated values for colloid osmotic pressure in hospitalized animals. A relation exists between colloid osmotic pressure (pi) and serum total protein concentration; equations describing this relation have been used to determine a calculated value for pi. However, the relation between total protein concentration and pi is altered by the method used to measure protein and by changes in the ratio of concentrations of albumin (A) to globulin (G). We developed nomograms for estimating pi from A and G concentrations, using samples obtained from clinically normal animals and compared the accuracy of these nomograms with that of previously described equations relating p...
Expression and characterization of the two outer capsid proteins of African horsesickness virus: the role of VP2 in virus neutralization. African horsesickness virus (AHSV) is a gnat-transmitted member of the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. The virus has a genome of 10 double-stranded RNA species (L1-L3, M4-M6, S7-S10). The L2 and M6 genes of AHSV serotype 4 (AHSV-4) which encode the outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5, respectively, were inserted into recombinant baculoviruses downstream of the baculovirus polyhedrin, or p10 promoters. Recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2, VP5, or VP2 and VP5 proteins of AHSV-4 were isolated. The expressed AHSV proteins were similar in size and antigenic properties to those of viral...
Carpal conformation in relation to carpal chip fracture. An objective radiological method of assessing the degree to which horses are conformationally 'back at the knee' (hyper-extended) is described. The effects on the measurements of variations in the direction of the incident X-ray beam and variations in weight bearing by the horse were assessed. A change from a lateromedial projection towards a plamaro-lateral-dorsomedial oblique projection consistently tended to reduce the observed degree of hyperextension of the carpus. Raising the contralateral limb to increase the load on the carpus had little effect on the measurements. The carpi of 21 thor...
Bilateral hind limb hypoplasia in a foal. Hypoplasia affecting both hind limbs was observed in a neonatal foal. Scintigraphy aided in establishing diagnosis and prognosis. Radiography revealed an abnormally shaped middle phalanx and lack of the distal phalanx and navicular bone in the right hind limb, with an abnormally shaped distal phalanx and navicular bone in the left hind limb. Scintigraphic findings were closely correlated with the radiographic findings. Radiographic and scintigraphic findings were confirmed at postmortem examination.
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with ameloblastoma in a horse. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy was evident in a horse that had a locally invasive ameloblastoma of the left hemimandible. Surgical removal of the neoplasm resulted in prompt return of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations to within reference limits. The tumor contained parathyroid hormone-related protein, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. It is likely that production of this protein by the neoplasm was important in the pathogenesis of the hypercalcemia. The case represented a sporadic form of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy attributable ...
Albumin quotient, IgG concentration, and IgG index determinations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonatal foals. Total protein (TP), albumin, and IgG concentrations were measured in CSF from the atlanto-occipital (AO) and lumbosacral (LS) sites and in serum of 15 clinically normal neonatal foals < or = 10 days old (mean, 7.0 days). The albumin quotient (AQ; CSF albumin/serum albumin x 100) and IgG index ([CSF IgG/serum IgG] x [serum albumin/CSF albumin]), indicators of blood-brain barrier permeability and intrathecal IgG production, respectively, were then calculated. Mean +/- SD values obtained from the foals of this study were: serum albumin, 2,900 +/- 240 mg/dl; serum IgG, 1,325 +/- 686 mg/dl; AO CSF ...
[The “lethal white foal” syndrome]. The lethal white foal syndrome (congenital intestinal aganglionosis) was diagnosed by history, clinical signs and pathological findings in a female foal, born in March 1992, that was an offspring of two overo-spotted paint horses. The syndrome is a congenital innervation defect of the gastrointestinal tract. A literature review of this condition, relatively unknown in Germany, is given.
A rapid method for the analysis of influenza virus genes: application to the reassortment of equine influenza virus genes. We describe a rapid method for genetic characterisation of influenza virus genes using reverse transcription and amplification by polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) of all virus segments simultaneously (multiplex RT/PCR) using primers based on the conserved terminal sequences. The product has been shown to be suitable for determination of partial nucleotide sequences which can be used to search nucleotide sequence databases and rapidly map the genetic origin of each segment. We illustrate the use of the method by analysing genetic reassortment in H7N7 equine influenza viruses.
[Prognostic parameters in equine colic]. A retrospective study was performed on 271 horses with colic referred to the I. Medizinische Tierklinik within a period of 2 years, to examine the prognostic value of different clinical and diagnostic laboratory parameters by Student's t-test and the Chi-quadratic test. The following quantitative parameters presented a highly significant prognostic value (P < 0.0001): capillary refill time, pulse rate, heart rate, respiratory rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, blood lactate, base excess and anion gap. The intensity of colic signs, the degree of disturbance of the patient's gen...
Comparative genetic analysis of Swiss and Spanish isolates of Echinococcus granulosus by southern hybridization and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA technique. Swiss and Spanish isolates of Echinococcus granulosus were compared using different molecular biological techniques: Genomic DNAs isolated from parasites originating from various intermediate hosts were subjected to Southern hybridization with different probes, the same source of DNA was used for DNA amplification using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. With both methods the various isolates (metacestodes) of E. granulosus exhibited characteristic banding patterns which allowed us to assign them to the following groups of homologous profiles: (a) isolates of horse and donk...
Monoclonal antibody based competitive ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in sera from different animal species. A competitive ELISA system for the detection of antibodies against Coxiella (C.) burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats, horses and humans is described. The ELISA is based on a biotinylated monoclonal antibody with specificity for C. burnetii lipopolysaccharide in combination with streptavidin peroxidase. For evaluation and statistical analysis, 413 sera from cattle, sheep, goats, horses and humans were tested in parallel in the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFT). Furthermore, a total of 448 bovine and human sera were also tested with an indirect ELISA and 47 sheep sera were investigated using t...
Surface oximetry for intraoperative assessment of colonic viability in horses. Surface oximetry was used to evaluate viability of the ascending colon in 60 horses with naturally occurring colonic volvulus or displacement. Tissue surface oxygen tension (PsO2) was measured on the serosal surface of the pelvic flexure after anatomic correction of the colonic obstruction. Horses with PsO2 > 20 mm of Hg were predicted to have viable colon; whereas, horses with PsO2 < or = 20 mm of Hg were predicted to have nonviable colon. Results of surface oximetry were compared with final outcome. For surface oximetry, sensitivity (ability to accurately identify colon that was nonvia...
Studies on the frequency and associations of equine leucocyte antigens in sarcoid and summer dermatitis. The equine leucocyte antigen (ELA) types and the clinical diagnosis for equine sarcoid and summer dermatitis were evaluated in 2026 horses representing five breeds. Data were analysed in unrelated animals and in family material. In the case of equine sarcoid, a strong association was observed between the ELA class II DW13 antigen and its effect on Swiss (cP < 0.001), French (cP < 0.0001) and Irish (cP < 0.01) Warmblood horses. The class I antigen A3 occurred more frequently in sarcoid-affected French horses (cP < 0.001). These results confirm our earlier findings (Gerber et al. 1988). Among Fr...
Serological and genomic characterization of equine rotavirus VP4 proteins identifies three different P serotypes. A series of viral reassortants was prepared between equine rotaviruses H1 (G5), H2 (G3), and L338 (G13) and human rotavirus ST3 (G4). All contained the VP4 cognate gene segment 4 from the equine parental virus and the VP7 cognate gene segment 9 from ST3. Using these viruses and antisera prepared to them, it was shown that each of the three equine viruses possessed a serologically distinct VP4 or P serotype with a > or = 16-fold difference in reciprocal cross-neutralization titers. H1 VP4 was closely related to that of porcine virus OSU, i.e., P7. L338 gene 4 was sequenced, and the sequence and...
Toxicity and Role of Fumonisins in Animal Diseases and Human Esophageal Cancer. Fumonisins are secondary metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme , Fusarium proliferatum and several other Fusaria that commonly contaminate corn. Only recently discovered in 1988, these mycotoxins appear to be the causative agents of several toxicoses in animals that result from ingestion of moldy corn or corn-based feeds. The syndromes observed vary considerably among the different species affected and include brain lesions in equids, lung edema in swine, and nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma in laboratory rats. There is also evidence that suggests that F. moniliforme a...
Serum hepatitis in two brood mares. Two adult Quarter Horse mares from the same farm developed signs of hepatic disease approximately 2 months after parturition. Both mares had received tetanus antitoxin at the time of foaling. One mare developed subcutaneous edema of the distal aspect of all 4 limbs, photodermatitis involving unpigmented areas of skin, and high serum activities of liver-specific enzymes. The other mare had signs of acute hepatic failure, including icterus, hepatic encephalopathy, and high serum activities of liver-specific enzymes, and died. The second mare had signs typical of serum hepatitis (Theiler's diseas...
A comparison of the polymerase chain reaction with standard laboratory methods for the detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in archival tissue samples. A detection system incorporating the polymerase chain reaction was compared with the use of histopathology and virus isolation to determine the presence of equid herpesvirus type 1 or equid herpesvirus type 4 in equine tissues submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. When the polymerase chain reaction was performed, these tissues had been stored for up to 3 years. Thirty-eight tissues representing 14 cases had been stored embedded in paraffin wax. Analysis of these tissues using the PCR gave predictive values of 1.0 and 0.91 for a positive and negative result respectively, and sensitivity and spe...
Use of the serum neutralisation test for equine viral arteritis with different virus strains. Serum cross neutralisation tests were conducted with a recent American isolate (84KY-A1) and a European isolate, (Wroclaw-2) and compared with the prototype and modified viruses of the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus by using virus specific immune horse sera. The modified Bucyrus strain was neutralised and showed high neutralisation titres with all the immune sera. The prototype Bucyrus strain was also substantially neutralised, followed by the 84KY-A1 strain. As a result of the tests with the modified Bucyrus strain as the antigen, 20 seropositive horses were discovered among home-br...
Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals. A prospective study was conducted to describe the causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in a population of foals in Texas. Data from 2,468 foals at 167 farms were provided by veterinarians for all 12 months during 1991. Among 2,468 foals, 116 deaths were reported (4.7%). Pneumonia was the most commonly reported cause of death, followed by septicemia. When considered as a group, musculoskeletal disorders (traumatic, infectious, or deforming problems) represented the most common cause of all reported deaths. Daily risk of death was greatest during the first 7 da...
Incidence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses examined at an Irish abattoir. The intestinal tracts of 363 horses were examined after slaughter at a horse abattoir. The presence or absence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and the sites of attachment were recorded. A total of 51 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction and/or to the caecal mucosa; 5 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached only to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction, 24 per cent had A perfoliata attached only to the caecal mucosa and 22 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached at both sites. The degree of infestation did not appear to be influ...
A versatile synthetic peptide-based ELISA for identifying antibody epitopes. A simple, versatile and very inexpensive procedure for cross-linking synthetic peptides to the polystyrene surfaces of micro-well assay plates for use in ELISA was developed. The method is based on the use of poly-L-lysine (PLL) as the anchor protein for synthetic peptides which were then easily and covalently linked to the PLL using glutaraldehyde. The synthetic peptides used for the study were based on the amino acid sequence of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) envelope sequence and evaluated as antigens in an ELISA designed to detect antibodies in serum of EIAV-infected horses and ...
