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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
Quantitative determination of betamethasone and its major metabolite in equine urine by micro-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Micro-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (micro-LC-MS) was utilized to quantitatively determine betamethasone and its major unconjugated metabolite, 6 beta-hydroxybetamethasone, in equine plasma and urine. The advantage of micro-LC-MS over conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in corticosteroid determination is illustrated and the reliable, steadfast nature of micro-LC-MS is demonstrated through example.
Prevalence of equine onchocerciasis in southeastern and midwestern United States. Of 664 horses reported to have originated in southeastern and midwestern United States, 341 (51.4%) were positive for Onchocerca cervicalis cutaneous microfilariasis. The highest prevalence of 68.8% was recorded for horses from Virginia. Horses with the highest concentrations of microfilariae (as high as 19,770 microfilariae/mg in 1 horse) were from the Southeast (Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Alabama). For horses from South Carolina, the prevalence of infection was 57.1%; from the Midwest (Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana), 54.4%; from North Carolina, 45.5%; from Pennsylvania, 7.7%; a...
Common ventricle with separate pulmonary outflow chamber in a horse. On the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations, a ventricular septal defect or a variant of the tetralogy of Fallot was suspected in a 3-year-old filly with a history of poor growth rate and exercise intolerance. The filly was euthanatized and found to have a 3-chambered heart (cor triloculare biatriatum). The heart had 2 normally formed atria and a large common ventricle into which the right and left atrioventricular orifices opened and from which the aorta arose. There was a small separate chamber from which the pulmonary trunk originated. This chamber communicated with the common vent...
Haemorrhagic necrotising enteritis in foals associated with Clostridium perfringens. Two foals aged 35 and 48 h from 2 Thoroughbred studs died several hours after developing clinical signs of depression, severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea and dehydration. Both foals had an acute haemorrhagic enteritis extending from the anterior jejunum to the terminal ileum which was characterised histologically by villus necrosis. Necrotic villi were surrounded by large numbers of rod-shaped Gram positive bacteria. Clostridium perfringens was recovered from the intestines of both foals and the isolates were considered to be C. perfringens type C. Other cases of diarrhoea were also observed in foa...
Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses. Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones was diagnosed in 8 horses during an 18-month period. Seven of the horses were less than or equal to 2 1/2 years old. Synovial distention of the affected fetlock joints and a pain response to fetlock flexion were typical findings. Lameness predominated in 1 limb at a trot, although fetlock flexion frequently elicited lameness in other affected limbs. Radiography revealed bony lesions (flattening, erosion, or fragmentation) of the sagittal ridge in at least 2 fetlock joints in all horses. The onset of si...
Studies on histoplasmosis farciminosi (epizootic lymphangitis) in Egypt. Isolation of Histoplasma farciminosum from cases of histoplasmosis farciminosi in horses and its morphological characteristics. Isolation of Histoplasma farciminosum from five horses, showing typical signs of histoplasmosis farciminosi (epizootic lymphangitis) was successfully attempted. The mycelial form of H. farciminosum was isolated on Sabouraud dextrose agar enriched with 2.5% glycerol, brain heart infusion (BHI) agar enriched with 10% horse blood and PPLO dextrose glycerol agar. The last medium proved to be the most effective, both for primary isolation and subculturing of the fungus. It was found that on primary isolation, the lag phase of the mycelial form of the fungus was relatively long, involving 4-8 weeks ...
Suspected Tyzzer’s disease in two foals. Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed histologically in two foals, a 4-week-old Thoroughbred cross and a 6-week-old Arabian foal. Clinically both foals were in good health prior to a short illness lasting only a few hours. The liver lesions in both foals were characterized microscopically by multiple foci of necrosis. Variable numbers of elongated slender intracytoplasmic bacilli resembling Bacillus piliformis were demonstrated within hepatocytes bordering the necrotic foci.
The effect of prostaglandin E1 on motility of the equine gut. Prostaglandin E1 was infused intravenously (25, 50 and 75 ng/kg/min) in three ponies. Changes in gastrointestinal mechanical and electrical activity were recorded from chronically implanted strain-gauge force transducers and electrodes. Dose-dependent responses were obtained: there were significant decreases in electrical spiking activity in the stomach, left large colon and small colon, with a corresponding decrease of activity in the left dorsal colon mechanogram. The small intestine was also affected, showing a decrease in both contraction rate and amplitude, which was more marked in the pr...
The amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II from horse colostrum (Equus caballus, Perissodactyla): beta-lactoglobulins are retinol-binding proteins. beta-Lactoglobulin isolated from horse colostrum is heterogeneous and contains two components: beta-lactoglobulin I and beta-lactoglobulin II. These two proteins are monomeric and show differences in their electrophoretic mobilities, chain lengths and primary structures. The complete amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and of the peptides derived from these by digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Unlike other beta-lactoglobulins which contain 162 amino acids, horse bet...
Radial-intermediate Carpal Bone Fusion in a Horse. The radial carpal and intermediate carpal bones were found to be fused in a four year old Quarterhorse stallion having a subtle forelimb lameness. Clinical examination, diagnostic local anesthesia, radiography and arthroscopy were used to arrive at the diagnosis. A cause could not be established, although perinatal deformation of cartilagenous carpal bone templates is suspected. A similar case of carpal bone fusion was found among carpi collected for an anatomical study, indicating this condition may be more common than expected. Clinicians should carefully evaluate the flexed lateral view of ...
Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals. Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment ...
An investigation, in vitro, of the actions of three Western Australian snakes on the blood coagulation of the dog, cat, horse and wallaby. Venoms of the tiger snake and brown snake were procoagulant, in vitro, when tested with cat, dog, horse and wallaby plasma. In the absence of calcium and phospholipid the coagulant activity of tiger snake venom was minimal. In contrast, brown snake venom alone had marked procoagulant activity. This activity, however, was enhanced by the presence of calcium and phospholipid. Death adder venom exerted an anticoagulant effect. Apparent species' differences in susceptibility to the coagulant venoms were noted. However, the probable explanation of these differences was attributed to variation in th...
Sex chromosome mosaicism and infertility in mares. From the standpoint that cytogenetic screening in mares is seldom necessary as an aid to diagnosis of the gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, a series of double-blind trials were conducted to test the proposal that present practice failed to explore the potential for cytogenetics in clinical practice. It was demonstrated that diagnoses of infertility might be made where mares were found to be of normal phenotype by clinical examination. Such mares were found to be gonosmic mosaics. One stallion had a polymorphism of the X chromosome and had poor conception rates. It was demonstrated that the true val...
Surgical and medical management of rhinophycomycosis (conidiobolomycosis) in a horse. A horse had severe granulomatous lesions of the upper airways that were attributable to Conidiobolus coronatus. Therapeutic success was documented by clinical examination of the horse 4 years after treatment by surgical extirpation and intralesional and topical use of amphotericin B.
Neoplasms of equidae in Iran. THE results of a 20 year retrospective study of the tumours diagnosed in all equine cases referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teheran, for surgical treatment or post mortem examination are reported here.
Equine cytogenetics: role in equine veterinary practice. The prognostic use of karyotyping in equine breeding has been recommended since 1976. Specimens used and laboratory methods are described. The system of karyotype evaluation is explained together with a glossary of terms. The principal aberrations in horses are defined. The present state of knowledge in cytogenetics in horses is reviewed dealing with infertility in the mare, where sex chromosomes give clear indication of problems; the situation with respect to anomalies found in stallions and hermaphroditism is explained coupled with recent concepts of chromosomal roles in reproduction. The fu...
Case of angiosarcoma of the nasal passage of the horse–ultrastructure and differential diagnosis from progressive haematoma. An angiosarcoma involving the right frontal and maxillary sinuses in a nine-year-old Thoroughbred mare was studied post mortem by light and electron microscopy. Important diagnostic features included malignant endothelial cells lining ill-defined vascular spaces, supported by other vasoformative elements. Rhabdomyoblasts were also found. The tumour is apparently rarely seen in the nasal passages of the horse.
Observations of tabanid feeding on mares and foals. The occurrence of tabanid feeding between mares and foals was observed. When mares and foals were observed freely moving within a pasture situation, foals had 2.43% (4 flies in 77 observations vs 297 flies in 139 observations) of the tabanid feeding occurrences of the mares. This difference in tabanid burden varied due to herd size, herd location, and tabanid species. Lower tabanid burden of foals was indicated as a practical protective mechanism against pathogenic agents mechanically transmitted by tabanids, such as equine infectious anemia virus.
Observations on seven cases of mitral insufficiency in the horse. Observations on seven cases of mitral insufficiency are described. Three of the horses had recent histories of cardiac failure and formed a separate group in which there were marked haemodynamic changes which varied in relation to heart rate but were associated with pulmonary hypertension, elevated right ventricular pressure and low peak left ventricular pressure. In the other four horses the heart appeared to be compensating at rest but to be unable to cope with severe exertion. On auscultation, a widespread pansystolic murmur and a prominent third heart sound were characteristic of the left ...
