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Topic:Disease Etiology
Disease etiology in horses refers to the study of the causes and development of diseases within equine populations. It encompasses various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, infectious agents, and nutritional imbalances, that contribute to the onset and progression of diseases in horses. Understanding disease etiology is essential for identifying risk factors and implementing preventative measures in equine health management. This topic includes research on pathogen-host interactions, the impact of management practices on disease incidence, and the role of genetic and environmental factors in disease susceptibility. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, contributing factors, and implications of disease etiology in horses.
Epidemiological significance of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in vitro markers. One hundred and fifty-eight strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus were typed antigenically and classified epidemiologically as either epizootic or enzootic. Plaque sizes for 148 of these strains were determined, and the pH requirements for hemagglutination (HA) of goose erythrocytes of 131 were studied. Only antigenic variant group IABC strains could be classified epidemiologically as epizootic. In vitro these strains were characterized by the formation of small plaques in Vero cells and a relatively narrow pH range for optimum HA reactivity. Experimental studies in horses confi...
Haematological changes in 2 ponies before and during an infection with equine influenza. MOST viral infections in animals, including man, have been
shown to alter the absolute and relative numbers of circulating
leucocytes. This usually causes a lymphopenia or neutropenia
but, occasionally, a lymphocytosis occurs (Gresser and Lang
1966). Several studies and reviews of respiratory viral
infections in horses have noted changes in the blood pictures
of infected animals, particularly during the early stages of the
disease (Steck and Gerber 1965; Gerber 1966, 1969; Bryans
and Gerber 1972; Hofer, Steck and Gerber 1978). The
transient nature of the leucocyte response is, probabl...
Equine abortion associated with Enterobacter agglomerans. During a 20 month period Enterobacter agglomerans was
isolated from 17 cases of equine abortion. In 8 cases E
agglomerans was isolated in pure culture and in 9 cases it was
isolated in mixed culture from the foetus and/or foetal
membranes. Fifteen cases had histological evidence of foetal
infection and/or placentitis.
The occurrence of E agglomerans in pure culture, associated
with inflammatory lesions in the foetus and foetal membranes,
suggests it to be a cause of abortion in mares.
Survey of equine hydatidosis in Great Britain. A survey of 1141 horses and ponies, for the presence of hydatid infection, was carried out at an export meat plant near Bristol. Lesions were attributed carefully by morphological, histological and immunological examinations and assessed by flame cell activity. All available detail concerning the animals was recorded. The surveys in the literature were assessed for the criteria on which their figures were based and were compared with the findings of this present survey. Attention was drawn to the apparent discord between the results of some surveys and others.
3-methylindole-induced pulmonary toxicosis in ponies. In unanesthetized ponies, arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were determined before and 24 to 48 hours after oral administration of 500 ml of corn oil or 100 mg of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight in 500 ml of corn oil. In the latter group, variables were also measured after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were increased by 3MI treatment and decreased after vagotomy, suggesting that the tachypnea induced by 3MI was vagally mediated. The arterial O2 tension (PaO2) was unaffected but arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased...
Noniatrogenic rectal tears in three horses. Rectal tears were detected in three horses treated for colic. Based on historical, clinical, and postmortem findings, the tears could not be attributed to the attending veterinarian and were therefore not iatrogenic (physician induced). One tear was attributable to an infarction that presumably resulted from thromboembolism; 1 tear occurred without any evidence of external cause and resulted in such severe peritonitis that the cause and resulted in such severe peritonitis that the cause could not be determined, and 1 tear occurred during rectal palpation by the owner, before he called the vete...
Biochemical constituents of cerebrospinal fluid in premature and full term foals. Total protein content and a variety of enzyme activities and electrolyte values were determined in 73 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 66 horses and ponies. The foals (48) were divided into 3 categories-spontaneously delivered normal foals (Group A), full term induced normal foals (Group B) and premature induced non-surviving foals (Group C). CSF samples from a group of 18 normal adults (Group D) were included for comparison. Paired serum and CSF samples were collected on 32 occasions and subjected to similar analyses. CSF sodium and chloride were always higher than serum sodium and chlo...
Paradoxic hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia associated with chronic renal failure in horses. Chronic renal failure associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia was diagnosed in 6 horses. The renal lesions in 5 of the horses were classified as chronic glomerulonephritis and in the sixth, as chronic interstitial nephritis/pyelonephritis. There was no evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism or pseudohyperparathyroidism, thus suggesting that hypercalcemia associated with advanced renal failure in horses is related to a unique role of the equine kidney in calcium homeostasis.
Complications of cleft palate repair in large animals. Seven foals, 2 horses, and 2 calves were presented to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals at New Bolton Center and the Large Animal Clinic at Auburn University for surgical repair of cleft palate. All animals had preexisting pneumonia. Initial repair of cleft palate in 6 foals, 2 horses, and 2 calves was performed via mandibular symphysiotomy. Primary repair of cleft soft palate in a foal was attempted through a pharyngotomy incision after fracture of the basal hyoid bone; however, exposure was inadequate and mandibular symphysiotomy had to be done. Dehiscence of a portion of the ...
Proopiolipomelanocortin peptides in normal pituitary, pituitary tumor, and plasma of normal and Cushing’s horses. Using RIAs for six regions within proopiolipomelanocortin (proOLMC), gel filtration, and electrophoresis, we studied pituitary peptides in a normal horse and one with Cushing's disease caused by a pars intermedia adenoma. Almost all immunoreactive (IR) ACTH (78%) was 4,500 mol wt (4.5K) ACTH in normal pars distalis, but it was almost 100% corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) in normal pars intermedia. alpha MSH and beta MSH were found mainly in pars intermedia: equal concentrations of the beta MSH precursors, beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and gamma LPH, were found in pars distalis....
Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse. A four-year-old thoroughbred was presented with clinical manifestations of purpura haemorrhagica. Evidence of renal involvement consistent with glomerulopathy and nephrotic syndrome, characterised by heavy proteinuria and azotaemia, became apparent and may have been exacerbated by diuretic therapy. Autopsy revealed membrano- and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic pleuritis. Circulating immune complexes may have been responsible for the renal diseases and the purpura.
