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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
The pathogenic effects of experimental cyathostome infections in ponies. Nine pony breed foals were reared indoors, then allocated to one of three groups infected with either 3.9 million (Group A) or 3.15 million (Group B) cold-conditioned third stage cyathostome larvae or kept as uninfected controls (Group C). The larvae were administered as a 'trickle' infection of 150000 larvae per dose, three times weekly. Blood biochemical and haematological analyses were performed weekly and faecal worm egg counts bi-weekly. Complete parasitological examinations were performed on all ponies at various times post-initial infection (PI): one infected animal at 9 weeks PI, four ...
Acute colitis in adult horses. A review with emphasis on aetiology and pathogenesis. This review article describes the different aetiological agents known or suspected to cause colitis in the adult horse, namely Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Ehrlichia risticii, Cyathostomes, fungi, various antibiotics, drugs, and toxins, with emphasis on their mechanism of action. For each of the infectious agents, diagnostic procedures are indicated. The effects of endotoxin can be important in all forms of equine colitis.
Lack of local anaesthetic efficacy of Sarapin in the abaxial sesamoid block model. Sarapin is a distillate of the pitcher plant that has long been used in human and veterinary medicine for 'regional analgesia'. The mechanism of the reported analgesic response is unknown; however, the agent is purported to provide more effective analgesia for slow, chronic pain than for sharp, acute pain. Reportedly, Sarapin is also widely used as an analgesic agent in the horse, generally in combination with corticosteroids and other agents. To determine its local anaesthetic efficacy in the horse, we tested Sarapin in a unilateral abaxial sesamoid block model at two dose levels, 2 mL and 10...
Validation of a regression model for standardizing lifetime racing performances of thoroughbreds. To determine the relationship between prediction errors of a regression model of racing finish times and earnings or finish position; the relationship between standardized finish times, determined by use of this model, and earnings or finish position; and whether this model was valid when applied to data for horses that underwent surgical treatment. Methods: Survey. Methods: Records of 6,700 healthy Thoroughbreds racing in Louisiana and of 31 Thoroughbreds with idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia that underwent surgical treatment. Methods: Predicted and standardized finish times were calculat...
Experimental exposure of pregnant mares to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus. Clinical, virological and serological responses were evaluated in 10 pregnant mares after different challenge exposures to the asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). The outcome of maternal infection on the progeny was also investigated. Mares were inoculated intranasally (n = 4), intramuscularly (n = 2), intravenously (n = 1), or contract-exposed (n = 3). All inoculated mares developed pyrexia, 5 showed mild clinical signs related to EAV infection and 2 remained asymptomatic. Viraemia was detected in all the inoculated animals and shedding of virus from the respiratory tract occur...
Evaluation of cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle as a cause of lameness in horses: 11 cases (1988-1994). To evaluate clinical findings and response to treatment in horses in which cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle were a cause of lameness. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of 11 horses that had cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle detected during arthroscopy of the stifle. Methods: Signalment, history, lameness examination, response to intra-articular anesthesia, radiographs of the stifle, observations during diagnostic arthroscopy, and treatment were extracted from the medical record of each horse. Follow-up examinations and outcome were availa...
Controlled dose confirmation study of a 2% moxidectin equine gel against equine internal parasites in The Netherlands. The efficacy of a 2% moxidectin equine gel at a dosage rate of 0.4 mg kg-1 was evaluated in a controlled trial at Utrecht University. Twelve yearling castrated male Shetland ponies grazed a pasture of 2 ha from May 1994 until housing in November. Six ponies were treated with moxidectin, whereas the others served as non-treated controls. Necropsy was carried out 35 days after treatment. Greater than 99% efficacy of moxidectin was observed on faecal egg output. No effect of moxidectin was observed on mucosal inhibited early cyathostome L3 (EL3) or on the total numbers of mucosal developing stage...
Characterization of muscarinic receptors in equine tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. This study was undertaken to assess the importance of muscarinic receptor subtypes in equine airway disease. Smooth muscle strips from the mid-cervical portion of the trachea of horses were placed in tissue baths and isometric contractile force was measured. Active force was measured in response to metacholine and the selective muscarinic receptor agonists McN-A-343 (M1-selective) and pilocarpine (M2-selective) in cumulative concentrations (10(-9)M through 10(-3)M), with and without preincubation with three or four concentrations of the selective muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine (M1...
Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function. To evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated. Methods: A prospective study. Methods: Six horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre-transportation values. Results: After transportatio...
[Development of nutrition science in veterinary medicine as an example of the School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover]. Animal nutrition is not a main subject in veterinary medicine training, nevertheless it has been taught in the Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover since its foundation in 1778. In the very beginning only a few lectures about feedstuffs and toxic plants for horses and feeding technique have been presented. During the 19th century animal nutrition was taught about 20 h under the general topic: Gesundheitspflege or Dlätetik. Diätetik included in that time all factors which are important for health as soil, water, climate, stable, hamess and nutrition, too. Textbooks about "Gesundheitspflege" fro...
Design complexity and fracture control in the equine hoof wall. Morphological and mechanical studies were conducted on samples of equine hoof wall to help elucidate the relationship between form and function of this complex, hierarchically organized structure. Morphological findings indicated a dependence of tubule size, shape and helical alignment of intermediate filaments (IFs) within the lamellae on the position through the wall thickness. The plane of the intertubular IFs changed from perpendicular to the tubule axis in the inner wall to almost parallel to the tubule axis in the outer wall. Morphological data predicted the existence of three crack dive...
Comparison of three methods of ulnar fixation in horses. This study compares the mechanical properties of three methods of equine ulnar fixation: dynamic compression plating, pins and wires tension band, and a prototype grip system. Methods: The mechanical properties of dynamic compression plating, pins and wires tension band, and a prototype grip system repair of equine ulnar fractures were evaluated in a cadaveric osteotomy model. Methods: Fifteen pairs of the radius and ulna from equine cadavers. Methods: The three repair techniques were evaluated to mimic the pull of the triceps brachii muscle in single cycle to failure and in cyclic fatigue loa...
Evaluation of arginine-glycine-aspartate-containing peptides as inhibitors of equine platelet function. To determine whether synthetic peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence inhibit equine platelet function. Methods: For in vitro studies of blood, 3 healthy Thoroughbreds; for in vivo and ex vivo studies of administration of RGD-containing peptides, 4 young adult pony mares. Methods: Blood was incubated with and without addition of aspirin or RGD-containing peptides (RGDS, RPR 110885) and platelet aggregation responses and platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen were determined. RPR 110885 was administered IV, and platelet function was evaluated. Platelet aggregati...
Maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) provides a natural model system by which immunological control of lentivirus infections may be studied. To date, no detailed study addressing in parallel both the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in horses upon infection by EIAV has been conducted. Therefore, we initiated the first comprehensive characterization of the cellular and humoral immune responses during clinical progression from chronic disease to inapparent stages of EIAV infection. Using new analyses of antibody avidity and antibody epitope conformation dependence that had not been...
Modified carotid artery transposition for repetitive arterial blood gas sampling in large animals. A modified surgical procedure for creation of a carotid loop for repeated percutaneous sampling of arterial blood gas was performed on 8 Holstein heifers and 14 horses. This approach permitted sampling of blood gas via fine-needle aspiration (one to three times daily) and/or catheterization for extended periods. It offers several advantages over previously reported techniques, including greater accessibility, absence of postoperative complications such as hematoma formation, and absence of foreign materials supporting the loop.
Equine viral arteritis in newborn foals: clinical, pathological, serological, microbiological and immunohistochemical observations. Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, serological and microbiological findings are described for 2 geographically and temporally distinct equine arteritis virus (EAV) epidemics in newborn foals. Outbreak A occurred at a commercial Standardbred breeding facility; Outbreak B began in a group of research animals. Clinical signs were severe and primarily referable to the respiratory tract. Fever and leucopenia and/or thrombocytopenia were observed in foals surviving for more than 24 h. The most common gross pathological findings were limited to the respiratory tract. Common histopathologica...
Repair of a deep digital tendon deficit in a horse using a polypropylene implant. A yearling horse was treated for a chronic wound with a 4 cm deficit in the deep digital tendon. The gap in the tendon was bridged with paired polypropylene braided implants designed for use as a ligament augmentation device. Uncomplicated healing and return to function occurred.
Prognosis for neonatal foals in an intensive care unit. This study was conducted to develop an equation for the prediction of outcome in neonatal foals undergoing treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). Fifty-three physical examination, historical, and clinicopathologic variables were analyzed from the records of 99 neonatal foals (< 14 days of age) treated in the neonatal ICU of the Equine Medical Center. The outcome was recorded and the results were categorized into either surviving or nonsurviving groups. The mean values for the 2 groups were compared, and variables that differed significantly between the two groups were retained and used ...
Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies. To evaluate the oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of IV infusions of a large volume of isotonic saline solution and 2 doses of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in clinically normal ponies. Methods: 12 adult ponies. Methods: Ponies were assigned to 3 treatment groups and received the following IV infusions: 80 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg; 10 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg; or 20 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg. Blood samples were collected for determination of colloid oncotic pressure (COP), PCV, plasma total protein concentration, platelet count, von Willebrand...
Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals. Abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. The alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus EHV-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. In cattle, the alpha-herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all been implicated as causes of abortion. In pigs, suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1: pseudorabies virus), an alp...
Melatonin protects mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. We investigated whether the administration of melatonin (MLT) reduces the death rate and evolution of the disease in mice infected with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Our results show that, MLT protects mice infected with the virus. The mortality rate was reduced from 100% to 16% merely by increasing the dose from 0 to 1000 micrograms/MLT per kg body weight MLT significantly postponed the onset of the disease and death by several days. In surviving mice very high titres of VEE virus IgM antibodies were found seven weeks after virus inoculation. MLT significantly reduced VEE v...
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and corticosteroid modulation of chondrocyte metabolic and mitogenic activities in interleukin 1-conditioned equine cartilage. To evaluate potential stimulatory or matrix-sparing effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), alone or in combination with a corticosteroid, in an interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced model of cartilage degradation. Methods: Cartilage from the weightbearing surfaces of trochlea and condyles of clinically normal 2-year-old male horses. Methods: Triamcinolone acetonide and IGF-1 effects were evaluated by assessing: matrix responses by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and [35S]sulfated GAG synthesis; collagen content by hydroxyproline assay; and mitogenic response by [3H]thymidine incorporat...
Treatment of a keratoma in a Clydesdale horse. A keratoma was diagnosed in a six-year-old Clydesdale gelding with recurrent 'pus in the foot'. The keratoma was excised through an inverted 'V' dorsal wall hoof resection up to 2 cm distal to the coronary band, the foot was bandaged and shod, and the horse treated with antibiotics and phenylbutazone. The dorsal hoof wall regrew completely and the horse gradually returned to full work.
Determination of flunixin in equine urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a solid-phase extraction method was developed for the determination of flunixin in equine urine and serum. The suitable CE run conditions were described. The factors affecting flunixin recovery rates were investigated and optimum solid-phase extraction conditions for flunixin in equine urine and serum were established. Limits of detection and quantitation were 3.4 and 5.6 ng/ml for serum and 16.9 and 33.1 ng/ml for urine, respectively. The recoveries exceeded 96% for urine and 79% for serum. Urine samples from race horses and urine and serum samples from a ...
