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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
An aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism isolated from horses. Thirteen strains of a gram-negative, fermentative bacterium that produced gas from glucose were isolated from horses with a variety of clinical conditions. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium are similar to those described for the family Pasteurellaceae. These strains appear to constitute a new taxon within the genus Pasteurella; however, the final taxonomic position of this group depends upon more detailed genetic studies. Case histories indicate that this bacterium may be a primary respiratory pathogen and may play a secondary role in various other disease con...
Effect of active immunization against estrogen on gonadotropin response to testosterone propionate treatment in ovariectomized pony mares. An experiment was conducted to determine whether partial neutralization of estrogens via active immunization alters testosterone propionate (TP)-induced increases in FSH secretion after GnRH administration in ovariectomized pony mares. Twenty mares were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 5/group). Factor 1 was long-term active immunization against either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or estrone-17-oxime-BSA. Factor 2 was 11-d administration of either vehicle (vegetable oil) or TP (175 micrograms/kg BW). Plasma concentrations of FSH were not affected (P greater than .1) by ei...
Surgical treatment of sand colic. Results in 40 horses. A retrospective study of 40 horses that underwent surgical treatment for sand colic was performed. Three horses were euthanatized and one died during surgery. Of the 36 horses that recovered from anesthesia, five died before discharge from the hospital and seven died after discharge. Twenty-four horses survived at least 12 months. Sand impaction of the right dorsal colon was present in 26 horses. In addition to sand impaction, 10 horses also had colonic displacement or volvulus.
Epizootiological examination of a respiratory disease associated with mycoplasma infection in horse. The authors examined 585 samples from 92 mares of 2 studs and 346 nasal swabs taken from their foals for the presence of mycoplasmas. The positive rates of mares and foals were 81.5% and 71.7%, respectively, with positivity of samples being variable. Clinical symptoms developed in 2-4 waves and lasted 3-7 days, with intervals of 7-12 days. The disease started in April among foals born in February, at an average age of 88 days. Later on, the average age of the affected foals decreased. There was a correlation between presence of mycoplasmas in nasal cavity and disease of foals.
A Hypoderma diana (Diptera: Hypodermatidae) infection in a horse. An infection with second-stage larvae of the warble-fly H. diana in a horse is described. The second-stage larvae were incapable of developing into the third stage, because horses are unsuitable hosts and because the infected horse was treated with an insecticide. Since the horse was used for dragging trees in the forests, the infection was likely contracted via contact with H. diana, a normal parasite of roe deer in the Netherlands.
Association between serum esterase (Es) type and starting proportion in Swedish Trotters: further observations. A study was carried out to attempt to explain the basis of the association between the Es locus and starting proportion in Swedish Trotters which had been observed previously. The effect of Es genotype on starting proportion has diminished among horses born in the late 1970s. There are indications that the incidence of leg lesions varies between Es genotypes. If this is true, it is possible that the decreasing effect of the Es locus on starting proportion is due to the environmental changes which have been made at race tracks in the early 1980s to reduce the strain on the legs of the trotters....
[Sonography in pleural effusion of horses]. Pleural effusion in the horse can be caused by diseases such as pneumonia, trauma, pulmonary abscesses and thoracic neoplasms. Besides clinical (auscultation, percussion) and radiographic diagnostic procedures, the ultrasonic examination represents a method that supplies detailed information on quantity and location of fluid in the pleural space. By means of ultrasonic examination the most favourable position for a thoracentesis can be determined. Control of thoracentesis' efficiency as well as exact supervision of the disease's course are made feasible by repeated sonographic examinations.
The use of skin expansion to repair cosmetic defects in animals. Skin expansion was used in three horses, one heifer, and one dog to aid in the repair of cosmetic defects. Skin expansion was produced by inserting an expandable silicone device subcutaneously and gradually inflating the device with saline. Skin expansion allowed skin to be mobilized and sutured over cosmetic defects without excessive tension. A successful outcome was achieved in four of the five cases reported here. In one animal, two attempts to create a pocket for a silicone prosthesis failed because the expanders ruptured. Complications included implant failure, wound dehiscence, and expos...
Effects of distention and neostigmine on jejunal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes in ponies. The influence of distention (high baseline intraluminal pressure) and neostigmine methylsulfate on intestinal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes (rhythmic contractions) was studied in terminal jejunal segments, which were perfused at a constant rate, in 16 anesthetized ponies. When baseline intraluminal pressure was increased to 10 mm of Hg, the intestinal vascular resistance and amplitude of rhythmic contractions were increased. Neostigmine induced cyclic increases in amplitude of rhythmic contractions whether intraluminal pressure was 0 or 10 mm of Hg. Neos...
Clinical uses of hyaluronan. The availability of elastoviscous solutions of highly purified hyaluronan has created two new therapeutic methods in human and veterinary medicine: viscosurgery and viscosupplementation. Viscosurgical tools and implants are widely used in ophthalmology and have been suggested for use in otology. Visco-supplementation of joint fluid using elastoviscous hyaluronan solutions is widely used in the treatment of equine traumatic arthritis. It was also suggested for use in idiopathic osteoarthritis in humans, but this application has not received wide acceptance. Cross-linked forms of hyaluronan have...
Dermatographism in a horse. An eight-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with dermatographic urticaria is presented. Forelimb edema and generalized urticaria were the presenting clinical signs. All hematologic and serum biochemical values were normal. Immunologic and histologic evaluation failed to reveal specific abnormalities. During hospitalization, an urticarial response to mechanical pressure (dermatographism) was identified. Clinical responses to corticosteroid and antihistaminic (H1) therapy were equivocal. The condition resolved in five weeks and an etiology was not discovered. A discussion of the pathogenesis, diagnos...
Purification of F(ab’)2 anti-snake venom by caprylic acid: a fast method for obtaining IgG fragments with high neutralization activity, purity and yield. Pooled horse plasma containing antibodies against Crotalus durissus terrificus whole venom were digested with pepsin at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 8:1, pH 3.1, for 40 min and the F(ab')2M fragments purified by adding 8.7% caprylic acid (pH 5.0). For comparison, F(ab')2B purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and uncleaved IgG purified with caprylic acid were also prepared. Fab' fragments were obtained by reduction and alkylation of F(ab')2B. The anti-whole C.d. terrificus venom titers, determined by Dot-Blot were 12,800 (IgG), 6400 [F(ab')2B], 4800 [F(ab')2M] and 3200 (Fab'B). Immu...
Contraception in mares heteroimmunized with pig zonae pellucidae. Ten fertile feral mares and 6 domestic horses (4 fertile mares, 1 infertile mare, 1 gelding) were immunized with heat-solubilized pig zonae pellucidae by 4 injections equivalent to 2000 or 5000 zonae each at 2-4-week intervals and a booster injection of 20,000 zonae 6-10 months after the last of the initial inoculations. The immune response was reflected by high antibody levels as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized pig zona antigen. In-vivo inhibition of fertility occurred in 12 (86%) of the 14 fertile mares studied and persisted for a minimum of 7 month...
[Compilation of experiences with intensive management of newborn foals]. Since 1980 techniques specifically designed to treat human neonatal diseases have also started to be applied to ill or premature equine newborns. These techniques will be described and their application to the most common equine neonatal disorders will be discussed. Such techniques include: post-natal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, exogenous thermal support, administration of broad spectrum antibiotics after diagnostic studies, supplemental oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, intravenous fluid and electrolyte therapy, blood component transfusion and total parenteral nutrition.
Prognosis in equine colic patients using multivariable analysis. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate prognosis in 308 horses referred to the University of Minnesota veterinary teaching hospital with colic. Bivariate results identified the following significant individual parameters: absent or hypomotile abdominal sounds, medical or surgical classification, peritoneal fluid total protein, anion gap, serum glucose, capillary refill time, blood pH, heart rate, packed cell volume, base excess, serum chloride, plasma bicarbonate, serum urinary nitrogen and age. Two multivariable prognostic models were developed using logistic regression. Model I...
A preliminary comparison of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesics in ponies. Xylazine (0.35 mg/kg) or lidocaine (0.35 mg/kg) was injected into the epidural space of six ponies to compare their effectiveness as epidural analgesics. Each pony received both treatments at 1 week intervals with the order of treatments randomized. Xylazine produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (247 +/- 58 minutes) than that produced by an equal dose of lidocaine (135 +/- 22 minutes). Mild transient ataxia of no clinical significance developed in all ponies with both treatments. Spinal cords were removed from two ponies and examined histologically. No discernible pathologic chan...
Changes in equine carpal joint synovial fluid in response to the injection of two local anesthetic agents. The effects of repeated arthrocentesis and injection of local anesthetic agents, lidocaine HCl or mepivacaine HCl on the equine middle carpal joint were investigated. Synovial fluid samples were evaluated before, and 12, 24 and 48 hours following, treatment. The greatest changes from pretreatment values occurred in synovial fluid cellularity. Repeated arthrocentesis caused a moderate increase in cell counts, while injection of local anesthetics caused a greater increase. Alterations in mucin clot quality, hyaluronic acid content, fluid viscosity, total protein and immunoglobulin G were general...
Evaluation of two techniques for large intestinal resection and anastomosis in the horse. Six normal adult horses had large colon resections at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. Stainless steel staples were used to close the stumps of the dorsal and ventral colons in all six. Intestinal continuity was restored with a side-to-side anastomosis of the dorsal and ventral colons. Three of these anastomoses were performed with staples, and three with a double inverting suture pattern. After one month, the horses were surgically reevaluated, and the anastomotic sites were examined. There was no significant difference between the stoma sizes in the two groups. No complications were o...
Immunoglobulin concentration in the blood serum of foals suffering from pneumonia associated with mycoplasma infection. Clinical, microbiological, haematological, and immunological investigations were carried out in mares and their foals of 2 studs. A considerable number of foals fell ill with pneumonia, the mortality rate was high. Mycoplasmas were mostly isolated from nasal swabs and from the lungs. The isolation rate of bacteria was lower. Serum IgG concentration was reduced in the diseased or dead foals compared to that of healthy animals, the data stress in importance of IgG in the development of respiratory diseases also in foals.
Ileal impaction in the horse: 75 cases. Records of 75 horses with ileal impactions were examined retrospectively. There was a sex predilection towards mares. Arabians were over-represented compared to the hospital population. The average age was 8.3 years. Abdominal pain was observed in 96% of horses. Nasogastric reflux was present in 56% of horses, small intestinal distention was found on rectal palpation in 96% and an ileal impaction in 25%. Exploratory celiotomy was performed in 69 horses, the mass was reduced by extramural massage in 67 horses, and ingesta was removed via enterotomy in 2. Jejunocecostomies were performed in 47 h...
Haemodynamic, metabolic and physical responses to a neuroleptanalgesic-glyceryl guaiacolate combination in the horse. A commercial neuroleptanalgesic acepromazine-etorphine combination administered intramuscularly to four horses produced a severe tachycardia and an increase in muscular tone, together with hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, metabolic acidosis associated with an increase in the packed cell volume and hyperglycaemia. No electrolyte changes were found. After reversal of the action of etorphine with diprenorphine, there was a prolonged decrease in the calcium and phosphorus serum concentrations and decreases in the packed cell volume and the total protein serum concentration. In a second experiment on the s...
Interactions between chloramphenicol, acepromazine, phenylbutazone, rifampin and thiamylal in the horse. The potential for interactions between chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, acepromazine and thiamylal and chloramphenicol, rifampin, and phenylbutazone were evaluated in two groups of experiments. In the first, five horses were given thiamylal intravenously (iv) (6.6 mg/kg) after pretreatment with acepromazine, and the time of recumbency was determined. Administration of chloramphenicol iv (25 mg/kg) 1 h prior to anaesthesia significantly lengthened the recumbency time from 21.8 +/- 4.8 mins to 36.0 +/- 8.3 mins. There was an apparent but not statistically significant decrease in recumbency time ...
Immunization of equines with phospholipase A2 protects against the lethal effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Equines (2 horses and 2 donkeys) immunized with whole Crotalus durissus terrificus venom or its phospholipase A2 component either presented an increased survival time determined 3 days after challenge or were totally resistant to a challenging lethal dose of 200 mg crude venom 270 days after the initial immunization or 90 days after the last booster injection. The resistance was demonstrable on the basis of a good correlation with antibody titers determined by the ELISA method but not with the flocculation and neutralization assays. Since phospholipase A2 is essentially nontoxic, it can be use...
Monoclonal antibody-mediated, immunodiagnostic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA), mediated by a monoclonal antibody designated HybI, was developed for the diagnosis of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Inhibition of binding of HybI by the horse antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii was optimum at dilutions of 1:20 for serum and 1:10,000 for HybI. Mean optical densities (ODs) of positive and negative sera were 0.158 and 0.855, respectively. A comparison of ODs obtained by CELISA and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated a marked tendency of positive and negative samples to cluster separately with respect ...
Occlusion of the external carotid and maxillary arteries in the horse to prevent hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis. Balloon-tipped catheters were used to occlude the external carotid artery and its branches in nine horses with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis. The internal carotid artery on the affected side was occluded simultaneously in four horses and had been occluded previously in two others. In three horses, a single balloon-tipped catheter was inserted in the external carotid artery beneath the floor of the guttural pouch and its tip was advanced blindly into distal branches. In one horse, the superficial temporal artery was occluded briefly during surgery by a balloon-tipped catheter so a...
