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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in diagnostic equine serum samples and their possible association with fetal loss. A case-control study of the association between the presence of serum antibodies against Neospora spp. and fetal loss was performed on serum samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in northwestern United States. Control sera were randomly selected from those submitted from healthy horses for routine equine infectious anemia testing required for regulatory health certification. Case sera were randomly selected from those submitted from aborting mares for diagnostic workup. Based on a 1:50 or greater titer on the indirect fluorescent antibody test, 8% of the 160 control sera and ...
Aflatoxin in dog and horse feeds in turkey. Aflatoxin levels were determined by ELISA in 18 dog and 20 horse feed samples, collected from different firms from June 2000 to June 2001 in Turkey. The minimum and maximum levels of total aflatoxin in the dog and horse feeds were <1.75-20 microg/kg and <1.75-14 microg/kg, respectively; 3/18 dog feed samples (16.7%) and 2/20 horse feed samples (10%) exceeded the Turkish tolerance limit of 10 microg/kg in food or feed.
The molecular basis of Streptococcus equi infection and disease. Streptococcus equi is the aetiological agent of strangles, one of the most prevalent diseases of the horse. The animal suffering and economic burden associated with this disease necessitate effective treatment. Current antibiotic therapy is often ineffective and thus recent attention has focused on vaccine development. A systematic understanding of S. equi virulence, leading to the identification of targets to which protective immunity can be directed, is a prerequisite of the development of such a vaccine. Here, the virulence factors of S. equi are reviewed.
Arcanobacterium hippocoleae sp. nov., from the vagina of a horse. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a previously unidentified gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, diphtheroid-shaped organism isolated from a vaginal discharge of a horse. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the strain was a member of the genus Arcanobacterium, but sequence divergence values of >4% with described species of this genus (viz: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Arcanobacterium bernardiae, Arcanobacterium phocae, Arcanobacterium pluranimalium and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) demonstrated that the isolate represented a novel species. The unknown bacteriu...
Genetic analysis of Group A rotaviruses: evidence for interspecies transmission of rotavirus genes. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children and animals. The rotavirus genome is composed of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA and can undergo genetic reassortment during mixed infections, leading to progeny viruses with novel or atypical phenotypes. There are numerous descriptions of rotavirus strains isolated from human and animals that share genetic and antigenic features of viruses from heterologous species. In many cases, genetic analysis by hybridization has clearly demonstrated the genetic relatedness of gene segments to those from viruses isolated f...
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from California. A yearling quarter horse, which was raised in southern California, received routine vaccinations for prevention of infection by Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV). One week later, severe neurologic signs developed, and the horse was humanely destroyed. A vaccine-related encephalomyelitis was later suspected. A final diagnosis of EEEV infection was established on the basis of acute onset of the neurologic signs, histopathologic and serologic testing, and isolation and molecular characterization of EEEV from brain tissue. The vaccine was extensively tested for viral inactivation. Nucl...
Identification of broadly recognized, T helper 1 lymphocyte epitopes in an equine lentivirus. Equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) is a horse lentivirus causing lifelong, persistent infection. During acute infection, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are probably involved in terminating plasma viraemia. However, only a few EIAV CTL epitopes, restricted to fewer horse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles, are known. As interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting CD4(+), T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes promote CTL activity and help maintain memory CTL, identifying broadly recognized EIAV Th1 epitopes would contribute significantly to vaccine strategies seeking to promote s...
Septic flexor tendon core lesions in five horses. Intratendonous infection in the absence of any clinical evidence of a wound has not, to our knowledge, been described previously in horses. This paper reports the clinical features, diagnostic techniques. treatment and outcome in 5 cases of septic flexor tendon core lesions. This condition is characterised by seven lameness and ultrasonographic evidence of a central intratendonous anechoic core lesion which may enlarge rapidly.
Periocular neurofibrosarcoma in a horse. A periocular neurofibrosarcoma was debulked and treated with intralesional cisplatin in a 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare. The horse presented with a 1-year history of a large slowly progressing subcutaneous mass over the right supraorbital process. The mass was surgically debulked, and intralesional cisplatin (1.0 mg/cm3) was injected in 3 doses at 2 weeks, 5 weeks, and 8 weeks postoperatively. No recurrence was noted over a 15-month follow-up period. Histopathology of the mass indicated neurofibrosarcoma.
Lipopeptide stimulation of MHC class I-restricted memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes from equine infectious anemia virus-infected horses. The immunogenicity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Gag and Env equine leukocyte alloantigen (ELA)-A5.1, -A9, and -A1 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes synthesized on multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) system coupled to tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine (P3C) was evaluated in vitro. P3C-MAP-peptide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from horses, chronically infected with EIAV, had memory CTL (CTLm) similar to that of PBMCs stimulated with either the minimal CTL epitopes, longer peptides containing the CTL epitopes, or EIAV. The stimulated CTL lysed EIAV-in...
Spongiotic vesicular dermatitis as a cutaneous reaction pattern in seven horses. Over a 6-year period seven adult horses of different breeds and genders developed multifocal, exudative, oozing dermatitis characterized histologically by epidermal spongiotic vesicles and perivascular eosinophilic, neutrophilic and mixed mononuclear inflammation. Three horses were pruritic. Systemic disease was not noted. Two horses had a history of recurrent urticaria (hives) and one horse had nodules or welt-type lesions that progressed to exudative, oozing lesions. Interepithelial immunoglobulin (Ig)G was detected by avidin-biotin complex-peroxidase staining, but the pattern of staining wa...
Sero types, phage types and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from horses in The Netherlands from 1993 to 2000. We studied 232 Salmonella strains from horses with salmonellosis in The Netherlands, isolated in the period from 1993 to 2000 in order to provide insight in the dynamics of sero-, phage types (pt) and antibiotic susceptibilities over time. The strains were tested for susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents using the agar diffusion method. In addition, the isolates were sero typed and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Typhimurium and Enteritidis strains were further phage typed. S. Typhimurium strains of phage type 506 and 401 (both classified as DT 104 in the English phage typing sy...
Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and identification of Pythium insidiosum. Pythium insidiosum is an important cause of cutaneous and gastrointestinal disease in horses and dogs in the southeastern United States. Culture-based diagnosis of pythiosis is rarely definitive because production and identification of reproductive structures is difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for the identification of P insidiosum. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3 clinical isolates of P insidiosum and I isolate each of Pythium graminicola and Pythium arrhenomanes. The ITS I region of the ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate was a...
Detection of antibodies to Borna disease virus (BDV) in Turkish horse sera using recombinant p40. Brief report. The nucleoprotein of Borna disease virus (BDV-p40) was produced in a Baculovirus expression system using sf9 cells. The purity and specificity of the recombinant p40 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The recombinant p40 was used in an ELISA to screen horse sera in Turkey. For this, 323 horses from selected cities in the Marmara region of Turkey were examined clinically and serum was collected from each. All horses were clinically healthy except for a few with wounds on the skin. Antibodies to BDV were detected in the sera of 82 (25%) of 323 horse sera. Six sera were selected that h...
Increased susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to equine herpes virus type 1 infection upon mitogen stimulation: a role of the cell cycle and of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses, causing abortion and nervous system disorders, even in vaccinated animals. During the cell-associated viremia, EHV-1 is carried by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mainly lymphocytes. In vitro, monocytes are the most important fraction of PBMC in which EHV-1 replicates, however, mitogen stimulation prior to EHV-1 infection increases the percentage of infected lymphocytes. The role of the cell cycle in viral replication and the role of cluster formation in cell-to-cell transmission of the virus were examined in mitogen-s...
Construction of a 5000(rad) whole-genome radiation hybrid panel in the horse and generation of a comprehensive and comparative map for ECA11. A 5000(rad) whole-genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel was created for the horse. The usefulness of the panel for generating physically ordered maps of individual equine chromosomes was tested by typing 24 markers on horse Chromosome 11 (ECA11). The overall retention of markers on this chromosome was 43.6%. Almost complete retention of two of the typed markers--- CA062 and AHT44---clearly indicated the location of thymidine kinase gene on the short arm of ECA11. Seven of the typed markers were FISH mapped to align the RH and cytogenetic maps. With the RH-MAPPER approach, a physically ordered map...
Echinococcus granulosus: regulation of leukocyte growth by living protoscoleces from horses, sheep, and cattle. To determine whether living hydatid tissue can, like hydatid fluid, regulate leukocyte growth, T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage lines were cocultured with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and their growth was compared with that of control cultures by thymidine uptake estimates and chemiluminescent assays of cell number. Protoscoleces supported mitosis of IL-1-deprived D10 T cells, but did not increase D10 count. The action of protoscoleces was affected by the species and organ of their origin and the length of time in culture. Unusually marked mitotic reaction, unaffected by parasite age...
Functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of Hendra virus. Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. Understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. We have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the HeV envelope glycoproteins. Recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the HeV F and G open reading frames were generated and glycoprotein expression was verified by metabolic labeling and detection using specific antis...
Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Natural tick infestations were assessed every 14 days on horses over a 2-year period. Amblyomma cajennense adult ticks were counted individually, without detachment from the horses. Larvae and nymphs of A. cajennense were collected using a rubber scraper that scratched engorged immature ticks from the host. Adult females of Anocentor nitens larger than 4mm length were counted on the horses. Blood samples were also obtained from the horses every 14 days and macroclimatic data were obtained for the study period. Infestations of A. cajennense demonstrated distinct peaks of activity for each of th...
An unusual case of upper respiratory obstruction in a horse. No abstract available
A lipoma of the extensor tendon sheaths in a horse. This report describes the identification and surgical removal of a lipoma from the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a lipoma of the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. Ultrasonographic evaluation was crucial to patient management, providing information regarding the soft tissue mass characteristics, tumor margins and synovial involvement prior to surgical exploration. Surgical removal was performed and was curative.
Nasal mucosal immunogenicity for the horse of a SeM peptide of Streptococcus equi genetically coupled to cholera toxin. The intranasal immunogenicity of cholera toxin (CT) genetically coupled to peptide sequence aa236-334 (F3) of the SeM protein of Streptococcus equi was studied in five young adult Welsh ponies. All ponies made rapid CTB- and SeMF3-specific serum antibody responses following the first immunization. Specific nasal IgA responses were detected in two ponies 14 days after the first immunization, in another two 14 days after a second immunization on day 14, and in all ponies 28 days after a third immunization on day 42. SeMF3-specific antibody responses in sera and nasal washes were dominated by IgG...
Treatment of experimental equine osteoarthritis by in vivo delivery of the equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. Osteoarthritis in horses and in humans is a significant social and economic problem and continued research and improvements in therapy are needed. Because horses have naturally occurring osteoarthritis, which is similar to that of humans, the horse was chosen as a species with which to investigate gene transfer as a potential therapeutic modality for the clinical treatment of osteoarthritis. Using an established model of equine osteoarthritis that mimics clinical osteoarthritis, the therapeutic effects resulting from intra-articular overexpression of the equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonis...
Rapid immunohistochemical detection of Rhodococcus equi in impression smears from affected foals on postmortem examination. The first objective of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical procedure for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in impression smears from affected organs of foals on postmortem examination. The second aim was to demonstrate whether R. equi can be detected in smears of tracheal exudates collected from the same foals using an immunohistochemical method. Impression smears and cryostat and paraffin-embedded sections were made from the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of three foals (A, B and C) that had died of respiratory disease caused by R. equi, and also from the caudal mesenteric l...
Evaluation and treatment of an adult quarter horse with an unusual fracture of the humerus and septic arthritis. Humeral fractures are rare and usually carry a guarded prognosis in adult horses. This paper describes the evaluation and the successful surgical management of a fracture of the lateral supracondyloid crest and part of the epicondyle of the humerus in an adult quarter horse.
Perirectal abscess, colic, and dyschezia in a horse. A quarter horse gelding with intermittent colic was diagnosed with a perirectal abscess and dyschezia. Rectal ultrasonography identified a multiloculated, fluid-filled mass. A perirectal abscess was diagnosed when the mass ruptured and drained into the rectum. The abscess was treated successfully with warm soapy water enemas and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
