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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Potential of infra-red thermography for the detection of summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch) in horses. The feasibility of using infra-red thermography for early and out of season detection of summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch) was tested on 13 sensitive and six insensitive horses in Israel. In summer (June, July and September) six affected mares and two unaffected sensitive mares (one of them a pony) were clearly 'warmer' in the affected zones than three insensitive mares. In winter (February and March) unaffected sensitive horses could be differentiated from insensitive mares by the warm areas detected in the affected zones. Small numbers of Culicoides imicola bites may have bee...
Internal fixation of comminuted transverse scapular fracture in a foal. A comminuted scapular fracture in a foal was treated surgically by use of 2 dynamic compression plates. The plates were applied upside down, so that the convex surface of the plate faced the bone. At 5 months after surgery, the plates were removed, and the foal recovered without complications.
Malignant seminoma in a cryptorchid stallion. A 16-year-old cryptorchid Quarter House with colic had a large, lobulated soft-tissue mass to the left of the pelvic inlet. At surgery, 2 large multilobulated pedunculated masses were removed. A large blood vessel enveloped by one of the masses was damaged, and the horse exsanguinated. Postmortem examination of the abdomen revealed the masses to be malignant seminoma, with multiple sites of metastasis.
Current views on the pathogenesis of bacterial endometritis in mares. Mares with persistent and recurrent endometritis are said to be susceptible to infection; in particular they are unable to resolve the acute endometritis that always follows mating. It is thought, therefore, that these mares have a local immunological defect in the uterus that impedes the elimination of bacteria. Studies on immunoglobulins, opsonins and the functional ability of neutrophils in the uterus of susceptible mares have not confirmed the presence of an impaired immune response. It is concluded that factors involved in the production and drainage of uterine fluid may be important in t...
Fluorometric evaluation of large and small intestinal ischaemia in the horse. Arteriovenous (ischaemic strangulating obstruction, ISO) and venous obstructions (haemorrhagic strangulating obstruction, HSO) were created for 70 min in the small intestine of eight anaesthetised horses, and ISO was created in four horses for 2 h and four horses for 3 h at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures of the large colon. Five minutes following release of the occlusions, sodium fluorescein 20 per cent (0.5 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) was administered. Serial quantitative measurements of serosal surface fluorescence of the injured segments and a control segment were made at 2, 10,...
Adverse effects of a proposed equine sublethal endotoxin model. Commercially available Escherichia coli 055: B5 lipopolysaccharide was administered intravenously experimentally at a dosage of 10 micrograms/kg to 2 horses. Various clinical and clinico-pathological parameters were monitored before and after the endotoxin administration. Because of a hopeless prognosis, and for humane reasons, euthanasia was applied on both horses 6 h after administration. Values recorded for the different parameters, including the blood lactate level, were consistent with a lethal condition. It would appear that an intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg of endotoxin is potenti...
Developmental kyphoscoliosis in a foal. The clinical, radiological and anatomical changes in a yearling foal with kyphoscoliosis are described. The lesion was due to a primary malformation of the eleventh, twelfth, fourteenth and fifteenth thoracic vertebral bodies resulting in hemivertebrae. Secondary changes occurred in the laminae, pedicles, spinous and articular processes of the affected vertebrae and the adjacent vertebrae. The possible pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Further evidence for a central nervous system component in equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Evidence for a central nervous system component of the distal axonopathy associated with equine laryngeal hemiplegia was found in this survey of 33 horses (control, 15; subclinical, 8; clinical, 10). Significantly higher numbers of axonal spheroids were present in sections of the lateral cuneate nuclei in layngeal hemiplegic horses than in those unaffected by the disease.
Complement activity and selected hematologic variables in newborn foals fed bovine colostrum. Serum complement activity and selected hematologic variables were evaluated in 5 newborn foals fed bovine colostrum (principal group) and 6 foals allowed to nurse their dam (control group). Also, bovine colostrum was evaluated for anti-equine antibodies. Precolostral serum hemolytic and conglutinating complement activities were low and increased similarly in foals of both groups to reach adult values between 1 and 3 weeks after birth. Bovine colostrum strongly agglutinated, but did not hemolyse principal foals' RBC and blood containing all known equine blood group alloantigens. Hemolysis was n...
Cross-protective immunity between equine encephalomyelitis viruses in equids. Eighteen equids were inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and 18 equids with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) viruses to produce EEE virus- and WEE virus-immunized equids. Twelve surviving EEE virus-seropositive equids, 15 surviving WEE virus-seropositive equids, and 10 nonimmunized, seronegative equids (controls) were subsequently inoculated with an equine pathogenic (epizootic) strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus to determine cross-protective immunity. Challenge infection produced 90% mortality in control (nonimmunized) equids, and 40% mortality ...
Injuries to the cranial cruciate ligament and associated structures: summary of clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings from 10 horses. The clinical, radiographic, arthroscopic and pathological findings of 10 horses with injury to the cranial cruciate ligament are presented. The most consistent clinical signs included moderate to severe distension of the femoropatellar joint and a Grade III to a Grade V out of V lameness. Craniocaudal instability could be elicited in five horses under general anaesthesia and in one conscious horse. Radiographic evaluation of the stifles revealed that avulsion fracture of the medial intercondylar eminence was the most common finding in six out of 10 horses. Arthroscopic examination of the affec...
Viral transcripts in cells infected with defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus type 1. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) preparations enriched in defective interfering particles (DIPs) have previously been demonstrated to mediate the coestablishment of persistent infection and oncogenic transformation in primary hamster embryo fibroblasts. In this study, it was demonstrated that infection of a rabbit kidney (RK) cell line with EHV-1 DIP-enriched preparations also results in the establishment of persistent infection. Viral transcription was characterized in RK cells infected with DIP-enriched stocks and compared to viral transcription in RK cells infected with standard (STD) EHV-...
Management of rectal injuries. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the various grades of rectal tears is discussed. Surgical techniques, which include direct closure, diverting colostomies, and placement of temporary rectal liners, are detailed. Also, rectal prolapses and various methods of repair are outlined.
Effectiveness of oxibendazole against benzimidazole-resistant strongyles in horses. Twenty-eight horses with a residual burden of strongyle eggs in the faces after treatment with mebendazole (MBZ) paste were treated with a suspension of either MBZ or oxibendazole (OBZ). Fecal samples were collected before and 14 days after these treatments. The number of strongyle eggs/g (epg) of feces for each horse was estimated using the Cornell-McMaster dilution and the Cornell-Wisconsin double centrifugation procedures. The epg for each horse was transformed using log (x + 1) and in an analysis of variance of the reduction in egg count for each horse on the logarithmic scale, there was a...
Perioperative medical care for equine abdominal surgery. Rational perioperative management improves the success rate of abdominal surgery. Important aspects of management are discussed, including principles of fluid therapy, nutrition, intravenous catheterization, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. Current advances in the area of immunotherapy are mentioned.
Determination of intestinal viability. Operations for intestinal ischemia are frequently done by veterinarians. In equine surgery those conditions commonly producing ischemia are intussusception, volvulus, bowel obstructions, and incarcerated hernias. In an attempt to predict intraoperative bowel viability after the restoration of circulation, a variety of adjuvant methods have been investigated. There is little question that of the techniques currently available, sodium fluorescein injected intravenously approaches the ideal in predicting nonviability in humans and in most animal models. Furthermore, it is safe, takes little opera...
Large colon resection. With large colon resection and anastomosis, up to 95 per cent of the length of the large colon has been successfully removed. A hand-sewn end-to-end anastomosis is effective for lesions in the left dorsal colon and pelvic flexure. Transection and a side-to-side anastomosis with stapling equipment is most effective for extensive resections (greater than 50 per cent). Horses with extensive colon resection (95 per cent) have permanent deficiencies of water absorption and digestion of cellulose and protein. Fermentative capacity is reduced, owing to decreased particulate matter retention time in t...
DNA restriction analysis of equine adenovirus serotype I. The three equine adenovirus strains isolated in different locations showed a similar cleavage pattern with HindIII and the DNA homology among the strains was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. The three strains revealed differences in cleavage patterns with BamHI, EcoRI and PstI, suggesting the presence of DNA polymorphisms among equine adenoviruses.
Genetic heterogeneity within Echinococcus granulosus: isolates from different hosts and geographical areas characterized with DNA probes. A segment of the ribosomal RNA gene of Schistosoma mansoni and a DNA fragment specific to Echinococcus granulosus, cloned in plasmids, have been used as DNA probes to assess the extent of genetic variability within E. granulosus and some distinct strains have been identified. The DNA analysis, involving restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot hybridization with the probes, did not demonstrate any significant genetic variation within the U.K. horse/dog or sheep/dog strains but confirmed the distinctiveness of the two strains shown in previous studies. The sheep/dog strain was shown...
Evaluation of the opsonic capacity of core lipopolysaccharide antiserum of equine origin against smooth Escherichia coli 0111:B4, using macrophage chemiluminescence. A study was performed to determine whether equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would enhance phagocytosis of smooth gram-negative (GN) organisms by equine macrophages. Five healthy adult horses (group A) were immunized with a bacterin prepared from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595 to produce antibodies to core LPS. Five horses (group B) served as nonimmunized controls and were given physiologic saline solution instead of the rough mutant bacterin. Serum antibody titers to core LPS and to smooth E coli 0111:B4 were determined by indirect ELI...
Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967-1987). Thirty-two horses and 3 ponies had neoplasia involving the thoracic cavity. Lymphosarcoma of the thorax was found in 19 (54.2%) of the equids. The other 16 equids had metastatic adenocarcinoma (7 horses; 20%), metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (5 equids; 14.3%), metastatic hemangiosarcoma (3 equids; 8.6%) or undifferentiated sarcoma (1 horse; 2.9%). Thoracic neoplasia was diagnosed before death in 15 equids (42.9%).
[Bilateral pleuritis following esophageal fistula in a horse as a complication of a Gasterophilus infection]. A six-year-old pregnant Haflinger mare of 510 kilograms died from bilateral pleurisy following a hospitalisation period of ten days, during which she was treated with various antibiotics. At necropsy a bilateral fibrinopurulent pleurisy accompanied by an ulceration of the cardia of the stomach measuring once cm2 was found. In the wall of the oesophagus, close to the cardia, there was a fistula harbouring a 3rd stage Gasterophilus larva. The epithelial layer at this site was unimpaired and no gross connection between the fistula and the ulceration of the cardia was observed. The fistula was in ...
