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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Salmonella strains associated with an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis. Isolates of Salmonella choleraesuis serotype ohio (S. ohio) recovered during an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis on a Thoroughbred farm were compared with isolates of the same serotype from various animal, feed and environmental sources. Biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptibility, plasmid profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping were used to compare relatedness of the strains. A total of 46 outbreak and non-outbreak associated isolates of S. ohio were studied. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phage susceptib...
An investigation of the role of Fusarium moniliforme in duodenitis/proximal jejunitis of horses. Duodenitis/proximal jejunitis syndrome (DPJ) is a small intestinal disease of horses that is associated with depression and copious gastric reflux. Since an infectious cause for DPJ remains unsubstantiated, these studies were designed to investigate the possible role of Fusarium moniliforme toxins in this disease. Fusarium moniliforme was isolated by culturing 2 samples of feed that had been fed to horses with clinical signs of DPJ. These isolates (AU 2/3) were subsequently grown concurrently on autoclaved corn and their toxicity evaluated in a feeding trial utilizing horses. Isolates of F mon...
Localization of a protective epitope on a Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus peptide that protects mice from both epizootic and enzootic VEE virus challenge and is immunogenic in horses. In order to define more precisely the protective epitope encoded within the first 25 amino acids (aa) of the E2 glycoprotein of the Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, we examined the immunogenicity of smaller peptides within the first 19 aa. pep1-9 and pep3-10 elicited virus-reactive antibody, but failed to protect mice from virus challenge. Additionally, pep3-10 was identified by a competitive binding assay using overlapping peptide octamers as the putative binding site of the antipeptide monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1A2B-10. Since the E2 amino-terminal se...
Tenotomy of the tibial insertion of the semitendinosus muscle of two horses with fibrotic myopathy. Two horses with fibrotic myopathy of the semitendinosus muscle are described. The report deals with the aetiology, clinical signs and diagnosis of the condition, and discusses the different surgical techniques described in the literature. Tenotomies were performed on both horses. Excellent results were obtained in the horse in which only the semitendinosus muscle was affected, but in the horse in which the semimembranosus and gracilis muscles were also involved the results were less satisfactory.
Mercury toxicosis caused by ingestion of a blistering compound in a horse. Mercury toxicosis by ingestion was diagnosed in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare with a history of anorexia and signs of abdominal discomfort. Ten and 9 days prior to admission, an inorganic mercuric blistering agent has been applied for topical treatment of dorsal metacarpal disease. At referral, signs of depression, dependent edema, pollakiuria, nonproductive cough, and oral ulceration were noticed. Laboratory data were consistent with renal dysfunction. Mercury content of blood and urine was high, confirming the diagnosis. The horse responded to intensive care, consisting primarily of IV flu...
Production of monoclonal antibodies in horses. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been successfully used to evaluate immune responses in horses, and to target important antigens of equine infectious agents to which protective immune responses may be directed (1–5). Most of these studies are performed with murine MAb produced by fusing spleen cells from immunized mice with an appropriate myeloma cell line, as described in Chapter 3. However, there are experimental questions for which murine MAb are not adequate. These include:
1.Definition of microbial epitopes recognized by the infected host;
2.Identification of immunodominant epito...
Genetic homogeneity of Taylorella equigenitalis from Norwegian trotting horses revealed by chromosomal DNA fingerprinting. Chromosomal DNA fingerprinting indicated that Norwegian Taylorella equigenitalis strains are genetically homogeneous and similar to some Swedish isolates but different from other European strains. As contagious equine metritis is rarely a serious disease in Norwegian horses, we conclude that the dominant T. equigenitalis strain in Norway is a genetically homogeneous clone of low virulence.
A field survey on anthelmintic resistance in equine small strongyles in Norway. A field survey at 17 stables involving 221 horses was performed to evaluate the presence of anthelmintic resistance in the equine small strongyles (cyathostomes). The horses were allocated into treatment groups, and resistance to fenbendazole (FBZ), pyrantel pamoate (PYR) and ivermectin (IVM) was tested by the faecal egg count reduction test (FECR-test). Faecal samples were collected at the time of treatment, 14 days post treatment and 90 days post treatment. Resistance to FBZ, which was defined as a faecal egg count reduction < 95%, was found in 14 out of 17 stables. In 2 of the 14 stables th...
Platelet activating factor mimics antigen-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in sweet itch horses. Hypersensitivity responses to biting flies such as Culicoides are believed to be the cause of sweet itch, a seasonal intensely pruritic skin condition of horses. Little is known about the mediators released by antigen in the skin of affected horses. In the present study the cutaneous vascular and cellular responses to intradermally injected platelet activating factor (PAF) have been characterised in sweet itch cases during the active phase of the disease and compared with those of Culicoides antigen extract. Histamine was used as a positive control in vascular permeability studies. Responses w...
Autologous blood instillation alters respiratory mechanics in horses. To investigate physiological consequences of autologous blood instillation in the lungs of healthy horses, respiratory mechanics and bronchial response to histamine were studied in 8 Thoroughbreds before and after introducing autologous blood (n = 5) and sterile saline solution (n = 3) into their lungs. Blood instillation resulted in a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and increased respiratory resistance (R). Bronchial sensitivity and reactivity were unchanged after blood introduction. There were no significant changes in pulmonary mechanics or bronchial response after saline instillation...
Rhodococcal abortion and pneumonia in an equine fetus. No abstract available
Molecular analysis of an XY mare with gonadal dysgenesis. In this study, cytogenetic analysis of an infertile mare revealed a 64, XY karyotype. The XY sex-reversed animal had a female phenotype with gonadal dysgenesis. Using Southern blot analysis, we tested for the presence of two Y-specific genes SRY and ZFY by using DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. The results showed that at least the DNA-binding domain of the SRY gene was deleted from the Y chromosome of the XY mare but that the ZFY gene was present on this chromosome.
Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Horses grazing for prolonged periods on yellow star thistle (YST), a plant which grows wild in western parts of the United States, develop an extrapyramidal disorder known as nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE). Attempts have been made to identify, isolate, and characterize the toxins responsible for the disease in animals. Using the organotypic tissue culture system on mouse cortical explants as a specific assay method for neurotoxicological evaluation, it has been possible to isolate and characterize two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds, aspartic and glutamic acids, the former being the ma...
Fibrosing granulomas in the equine liver and peritoneum: a retrospective morphologic study. Fibrosing granulomas were found in the liver and occasionally on the intestinal and diaphragmatic serosae and in the lung of 11 horses submitted for necropsy. Although these granulomas were considered incidental findings in most of the horses, they had caused liver failure in 1 horse. The granulomas typically were characterized by a dense collagenous core that frequently was mineralized. The periphery contained a rim of inflammatory cells. Only in 1 of the 11 horses was there evidence of an egg shell suggestive of schistosomes. Schistosomal eggs were not detected in the feces of the horses. Th...
A scanning electron-microscopic analysis of the morphology of equine lower lip sinus hair. Sinus hairs, which are tactile organs of most mammals, are differentiated into cavernous and sinus types. The horse has the cavernous type. Horse lower lips were perfused in diluted Karnovsky's fixative and sinus hair processed for scanning electron microscopy. Anastomosing trabeculae of different thickness and shape originate from the internal connective tissue layer and extend to the external layer, thus forming a dense meshwork suspending the hair root like a net. However, many of the distal trabeculae do not reach the external wall of the blood sinus but end in a finger-like knob within th...
Incidence and risk factors of equine motor neuron disease: an ambidirectional study. We have conducted an ambidirectional study to estimate the incidence of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in the northeastern US. The clinical and pathological features of EMND are similar to those described in human motor neuron disease. We have also collected data on all EMND cases reported in the US and described the geographic distribution of the disease. To identify factors associated with the risk of EMND, the authors assembled 163 control horses from the population in which cases were identified. The significance of association between the hypothesized factors and the risk of EMND was ...
Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi causing ringworm of horses. From 60 horses showing skin lesions, 42% were positive for fungal infection. Horses less than 2-year old were more susceptible to this infection. Fourteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from collected specimens. Trichophyton was the dominant genus of which T. equinum was the most common. This species proved to be the main causative agent of ringworm in horses. In addition to dermatophytes, many species of the isolated fungi were keratinophilic. The presence of such fungi on hairs and skin of horses may create an opportunity f...
Continuing prevalence of African horse sickness in Nigeria. Equine sera collected from 10 widely separated regions throughout Nigeria were tested for antibodies against African horse sickness viruses (AHSV) using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The animals sampled included imported, exotic horses, indigenous and locally cross-bred (local) horses and African donkeys. A high percentage of the sera (79.8%) were positive, confirming the continued prevalence of AHSV antibodies in Nigerian horses and donkeys.
Continuous in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic stages of Babesia equi. The protozoan parasite Babesia equi, a causative agent of equine piroplasmosis, was continuously cultivated in horse erythrocytes. The parasites were isolated from a carrier horse at a time when no parasite was detected in a thin blood smear. The culture medium consisted of modified medium 199 supplemented with 40% non-heat-inactivated horse serum in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2, 2% O2, and 93% N2 at 37 degrees C. Parasites were detected after 2 days in culture. When the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) reached 1%, the cultures were transferred into a humidified atmosp...
