Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Clanton C, Kobluk C, Robinson RA, Gordon B.During a pilot study at a Thoroughbred racetrack, information was collected to include weather conditions and track surface properties (moisture content, composition, strength, and coefficient of friction between surface and hoof). Measured weather variables did not correlate to any pattern of horse injuries of breakdowns. Surface moisture content was variable, whereas the moisture content of the compacted cushion was constant. Track surfaces around the starting chutes were more compacted than were other areas of the track. Next to the rail, track surface was softer than the surface toward the...
Rottman JB, Roberts MC, Cullen JM.Rectal palpation of a 30-year-old mixed-breed mare with chronic weight loss and intermittent, refractory abdominal pain revealed a mass in the right caudoventral portion of the abdomen. Hematologic and serum biochemical findings were normal except for slight mature neutrophilia and mildly high alkaline phosphatase activity and total bilirubin concentration. Cytologic examination of a specimen obtained by abdominocentesis revealed equal numbers of nondegenerative neutrophils and macrophages, but no evidence of neoplastic cells. The mare continued to have signs of abdominal discomfort and was eu...
Kimman TG, Binkhorst GJ, van den Ingh TS, Pol JM, Gielkens AL, Roelvink ME.Aujeszky's disease virus was isolated from the brain of a horse which had shown severe neurological signs, including excessive sweating, muscle tremors and periods of mania. Pathological examination revealed a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis. The virus was propagated in cell culture and inoculated into the conjunctiva and nostrils of two ponies. The ponies developed fever seven days after inoculation and subsequently started to behave abnormally, showing severe neurological signs on the ninth day after inoculation. One pony became excited and the other was depressed. One pony died on the n...
Wright JD, Kelly WR, Waddell AH, Hamilton J.Verminous encephalomyelitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae was diagnosed in 2 foals at necropsy. The principal clinical feature was tetraparesis, although history and neurological examination revealed progressive and multifocal neurological disease. At presentation, a tentative diagnosis of parasitic larval migration involving the central nervous system (CNS), presumably due to Strongylus vulgaris, was proposed. Dissection of the spinal cord in one case resulted in recovery of intact larvae of both sexes of A. cantonensis. In both foals, histopathology of the brain and spinal cord r...
Specht TE, Breuhaus BA, Manning TO, Miller RT, Cochrane RB.A 12-year-old Arabian stallion was evaluated for a refractory skin problem of 2 years' duration. Skin nodules and pustules, which would rupture, had developed over the right lumbar muscles. Anaerobic culturing from the pustules yielded Actinomyces viscosus, and histologic examination of biopsy specimens revealed globular eosinophilic structures. Concomitant treatment with isoniazid (8 mg/kg of body weight, q 24 h for 8 weeks), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (30 mg/kg, q 24 h for 8 weeks), and sodium iodide solution (66 mg/kg, every 1, 2, or 4 weeks, for 32 weeks) resolved the condition.
Chong YH, Ball JM, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE.Defined segments of the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (gp45) of equine infectious anemia virus were expressed as TrpLE fusion proteins and examined for their reactivity in Western immunoblots against a diverse panel of equine immune sera. The most immunogenic region of gp45 was localized to its amino terminus, positioned between the hydrophobic fusion and the transmembrane domains. A series of overlapping synthetic peptides were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to define an immunodominant epitope within this region. In contrast, the carboxy-terminal half of gp45 displayed both ...
Götz HJ.A case of diprosopus in a foal is described. This is only the second report of such a deformity in the equine species. Hereditary pathology and pathogenesis are discussed.
Varner DD, Vaughan SD, Johnson L.Three ejaculates from each of 3 stallions were used to evaluate a computerized system (Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer; HTMA) for measuring equine spermatozoal motility. Variance components (ejaculate-within-stallion, chamber-within-ejaculate, and microscopic field-within-chamber) were determined for each stallion after diluting ejaculates to 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml with a skim milk-glucose seminal extender. The HTMA was compared with frame-by-frame playback videomicrography (VIDEO) for determining: percentage of spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal number in microscopic fields; curviline...
López ML, de Souza W.The presence and distribution of cholesterol in mature and immature epididymal spermatozoa was analyzed using filipin as a cytochemical tool in freeze-fracture replicas and thin section preparations. The polyenic-antibiotic filipin formed complexes with 3, beta -OH sterols, producing characteristic protrusions, or pits, that were heterogeneously distributed in the plasma membrane of stallion spermatozoa, revealing a specific organization in a functionally specialized area of the gamete. The acrosomal region of the sperm head presented a significantly higher density of filipin sterol complexes ...
Piché CA, Kennedy MJ, Herbers HA, Newcomb KM.Thirty resident horses at a boarding stable in Alberta were used to evaluate the relative efficacies of ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in reducing fecal egg output in adult horses under routine management conditions during spring and early summer, and to more clearly define the duration of suppression of fecal egg production following anthelmintic treatment. Horses were blocked according to pretreatment egg counts and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: pyrantel pamoate at 6.6 mg/kg body weight; oxibendazole at 10 mg/kg body weight; or ivermectin at 200 mug/kg body we...
Murphy BD, Martinuk SD.Cells from the chorionic girdle of the equine trophoblast invade the maternal endometrium at day 36 of gestation and become established as secretory elements known as the endometrial cups. These structures, which persist for 40-60 days, produce a gonadotropin which can be found in circulation until about day 130 of gestation. This glycoprotein has been identified in the horse and the donkey, with the former having received much better characterization. It consists of 2 noncovalently linked peptide chains; an alpha-subunit of 96 amino acids, which is common to that found in other horse glycopro...
Bijault C, Dehennin L.Steroid 21-hydroxylase activity of the microsome-enriched fraction of follicular linings from equine ovaries has been demonstrated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 21-hydroxylated metabolites were quantified by isotope dilution with deuterated analogues. The two most abundant potential substrates for follicular steroid 21-hydroxylase, progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), were converted respectively to 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol with corresponding apparent specific activities of 308 and 24 pmol/mg protein/h and apparent Km values of 1.1 and 6.4...
Vachon AM, McIlwraith CW, Keeley FW.Periosteal autografts were used for repair of large osteochondral defects in 10 horses aged 2 to 3 years old. In each horse, osteochondral defects measuring 1.0 x 1.0 cm2 were induced bilaterally on the distal articular surface of each radial carpal bone. Control and experimental defects were drilled. Periosteum was harvested from the proximal portion of the tibia and was glued into the principal defects, using a fibrin adhesive. Control defects were glued, but were not grafted. Sixteen weeks after the grafting procedure, the quality of the repair tissue of control and grafted defects was asse...
McEntee MF.Thirty equine cutaneous mastocytomas were examined histologically and two were studied ultrastructurally. Lesions were characterized by distinct sheets of well-differentiated mast cells with variable degrees of eosinophil infiltration, collagen degeneration, necrosis, granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. Twenty-two of 25 growths did not recur for up to 6 years after surgical excision, two recurred at the surgical site and one spontaneously regressed less than 3 months after obtaining a biopsy sample. Equine cutaneous mastocytoma is a benign proliferative lesion which seldom recurs after ex...
Matsui T, Sugino H, Miura M, Bousfield GR, Ward DN, Titani K, Mizuochi T.The glycoprotein hormones, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and lutenizing hormone (eLH), possess a beta-subunit with an identical amino acid sequence. The Asn-linked oligosaccharide chains of eCG beta and eLH beta were quantitatively liberated as tritium-labeled oligosaccharides by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4-reduction. Paper electrophoresis in combination with sialidase digestion and solvolytic desulfation indicated that eCG beta contained neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides, while eLH beta contained neutral, sialylated, sulfated, and both sialylated and sulfat...
van der Kolk JH, Bernadina WE, Visser IJ.A four year old Dutch warmblooded mare was born and raised in the province of North-Brabant, the Netherlands. On May 16, 1989, she showed signs of colic, anorexia, depression, ileus, severe dehydration and leukopenia. When the mare collapsed, euthanasia was carried out. Acute colitis and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in macrophages were observed at autopsy. When an indirect immunofluorescence assay was performed, the Ehrlichia risticii titre of the serum was found to be 1:640.
Dugan SJ, Curtis CR, Roberts SM, Severin GA.Proportional hospital accession ratios for equine ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were determined for 14 colleges of veterinary medicine participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Program between January 1978 and December 1986. Comparison of the ratios with their respective geographical, physical data has shown an increased prevalence of SCC with an increase in longitude, altitude, or mean annual solar radiation. In contrast, prevalence of SCC increased with a decrease in latitude. Between January 1978 and December 1988, 147 horses with ocular/adnexal SCC were admitted to the Co...
Fernandes I, Takehara HA, Mota I.Horse immunoglobulins were obtained from normal serum defatted with dextran sulfate and precipitated with ammonium sulfate. Eight mg of this preparation was submitted to affinity chromatography with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. Low temperature (4 degrees C) and a starting buffer at pH 8.0 were conditions required for all IgG subclasses to bind to protein A, even those with low affinity. The IgGs bound to protein A were eluted with glycine buffer at pH 2.8. The yield was about 90%. It is suggested that isolated IgG, instead of whole Igs, be used in serum therapy, reducing the amount of Igs and di...
Penhallow RC, Mason AB, Woodworth RC.1. Human, bovine and equine transferrins have been characterized with respect to mol. wt, and behavior on urea-polyacrylamide gels, and isoelectric focussing gels. 2. As shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis human transferrin has one major polypeptide whereas both bovine and equine transferrins have two polypeptides. 3. The transferrins show multiple banded patterns on urea-polyacrylamide and isoelectric focussing gels, particularly when iron saturated. The various forms are not resolved by neuraminidase treatment.
Riley CB, Yovich JV.Fractures of the patella in the horse are infrequently reported
in the literature. Most of these have been associated with trauma
or sudden forceful contraction of the quadriceps resulting in an
avulsion fracture of the patella (Parks and Wyn-Jones 1988).
There have been few reports of fractures associated with des-
motomy of the medial patellar ligament to correct upward
fixation of the patella (Wright and Rose 1989; Gibson ef ul1989).
This paper describes one such case including the radiographic
findings before the desmotomy, after fracture of the patella and
after arthroscopic trea...
Cummings JF, de Lahunta A, Mohammed HO, Divers TJ, Summers BA, Valentine BA, Jackson CA.Two spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases of the horse, equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), have been associated with alpha-tocopherol deficiency, and both were characterized by prominent accumulations of endothelial lipopigment in the small vessels of the spinal cord. These endothelial pigment deposits appear to be reversible. In EMND horses pasture-supplemented for 9 months or more after the progression of weakness and wasting had arrested, there was very little endothelial lipopigment. The origin and the potential effects of these endotheli...
Ball BA, Altschul M, Ellington JE.This study compared the in vitro development of Day-2 equine embryos co-cultured with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. Embryos were collected surgically from the oviducts of pony mares 2 d after ovulation and assessed for stage of development. Culture medium was Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (50:50 v/v) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO(2) in air at 38.5 degrees C with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. The quality score of embryos was assessed daily. After 4 d in culture, embryos were stained (Hoechst 33342) and evaluated with epifluo...
Linn-Peirano SC, Hepworth-Warren K, Kinsella H, Diaz-Campos D, Brenseke BM, Cianciolo RE, Schroeder E, Schreeg ME.Equine ingesta-associated choledocholithiasis is a rare cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe here the clinical, gross, histologic, and microbiologic features of this condition in 2 horses and compare the features to 2 previous cases. Case 1 was a 4-y-old Thoroughbred mare with colic. Case 2 was an 18-y-old American Paint Horse mare with colic, chronic weight loss, and inappropriate mentation. Both had elevated biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and cholestasis and were euthanized given a poor prognosis. Case 1 had a well-formed 5-cm choledocholith surrounding a piece of hay,...
Holmes MA, Lunn DP.As part of a project to raise specific pathogen free (SPF) Welsh Mountain Pony foals, free from exposure to Equid herpesvirus type 1, foals were removed from their dams at birth and fed bovine colostrum. This study characterises the uptake of bovine colostral immunoglobulin and production of endogenous immunoglobulin, in 10 SPF foals. An enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay was developed to measure serum concentrations of bovine IgG1 (boIgG1) to assess the efficiency of transfer, and rate of elimination of boIgG1 by the foal. The endogenous production of equine IgG was studied using a single ra...
Kong N, Yi R, Zhao S, Sandhu J, Lam G, Loganathan D, Morrissey B.A sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of etilefrine and oxilofrine in equine blood plasma and urine. The method is highly sensitive and specific with good precision and accuracy. In plasma the limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.03 and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively, for both analytes. In urine the limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.3 and 1 ng/mL, respectively, for both analytes. The suitability of the method for doping con...
Teti G, Mazzotti E, Gatta V, Chiarini F, Alfieri ML, Falconi M.Osteoarthritis (OA) is described as a chronic degenerative disease characterized by the loss of articular cartilage. Senescence is a natural cellular response to stressors. Beneficial in certain conditions, the accumulation of senescent cells has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases associated with aging. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells isolated from OA patients contain many senescent cells that inhibit cartilage regeneration. However, the link between cellular senescence in MSCs and OA progression is still debated. In this study, we ai...
Hanada M, Maeda Y, Oikawa MA.The secretions of the equine endometrial glands are essential for the survival, growth, and development of the conceptus in early pregnancy, and endometrial gland density is directly related to successful pregnancy outcome. Endometrial biopsy is routinely used to assess the reproductive potential of broodmares. Some previous studies have shown that equine endometrial glands are uniformly distributed throughout the uterus; however, other work has shown variation of the endometrial architecture between biopsy sites, suggesting that a single biopsy is not representative of the entire endometrium....
Preston SA, Brown MP, Trumble TN, Chmielewski TL, Zimmel DN, Hernandez JA.To determine the effects of various presale radiographic findings for Thoroughbreds sold at a yearling sale on 2-year-old racing performance of those horses. Methods: 397 Thoroughbreds. Methods: Cohort study. Methods: Thoroughbreds offered for sale at a Thoroughbred sales facility in Kentucky were selected via a randomization procedure. Effects of various presale radiographic findings on the following measures of 2-year-old racing performance were determined: having started a race and having placed (ie, finished in first, second, or third place) in a race at least once, total amount of money e...
Deichsel K, Aurich J, Parvizi N, Bruckmaier RM, Aurich C.The aim of the present study was to determine effects of lactation on basal LH and IGF-1 concentrations and on the LH response to a GnRH-analogue at different stages of the oestrous cycle in mares. A total of 17 cyclic Haflinger mares were included in the study. Experiments were performed on lactating mares in first postpartum oestrus, the subsequent early luteal phase, and second postpartum oestrus. Non-lactating mares were used in oestrus and early luteal phase. Blood samples were taken for 1 h at 15 min intervals. Mares were then injected with the GnRH-analogue buserelin (GnRHa; 5 microg i....
Smith DF.The future of veterinary medicine is best understood in the context of history. What began as a profession rooted in urban centers in proximity to horses, physicians, and medical schools, was transformed into a land grant-based agricultural profession with the arrival of the internal combustion engine in the early twentieth century. Most of the United States' current veterinary colleges are still located in towns or small cities in the middle section of the country, outside the largest metropolitan areas where most veterinarians practice companion-animal medicine. Throughout veterinarian histo...
Deeb RS, Peyton DH.Tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) is being used in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. We have studied the SnPP complex with equine myoglobin (EqMb) by 1H and 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) as a general model for SnPP interaction with hemoproteins. The complex formed from SnPP and EqMb, SnPP.EqMb, was found to have essentially the same porphyrin-binding pocket as EqMbCO, including the same porphyrin orientation in the major form of EqMbCO. 119Sn NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that the proximal His93F8-metal coordination is likely to be intact in SnPP.EqMb. Minor...
Engelking LR.It appears that different mechanisms responsible for fasting hyperbilirubinemia may be operative in different mammalian species (and subspecies). An increase in bilirubin production does not seem to occur in the horse, but a decrease in the hepatic uptake of bilirubin has been supported by a number of studies. Even though the delay in plasma elimination could also result from a decrease in hepatic blood flow, this possibility does not seem to play a major role since the hepatic uptake of compounds with low intrinsic hepatic clearance (e.g., ICG and bilirubin) appear to be affected more during ...
Sudheer Kumar C, Swamy MJ.The major protein of horse seminal plasma, HSP-1/2, exhibits membranolytic and chaperone-like activities and plays a crucial role in regulating sperm capacitation. L-Carnitine is a small polar molecule present in high concentrations in mammalian seminal plasma. The present results demonstrate that L-carnitine binds to HSP-1/2 and increases its thermal stability, enhances cooperativity of its chemical unfolding and decreases both chaperone-like and membranolytic activities of this protein. The HSP-1/2-L-carnitine complex exhibits anti-oxidative behaviour by inhibiting the production of hydroxyl...
Léon A, Versmisse Y, Despois L, Castagnet S, Gracieux P, Blanchard B.Isolation and identification of Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, by bacteriology is laborious and does not permit differentiation from the other member of the genus, Taylorella asinigenitalis. Moreover, other organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also cause endometritis in mares and warrant diagnostic detection. Our objectives were to develop a rapid preparation method for field swab samples and to validate this protocol using new multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) detection tools for identification...
Szalai G, Bailey E, Gerber H, Lazary S.The genetic diversity at the ELA DQ beta locus was investigated using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Based upon serological methods 16 class II homozygous animals were selected and their genomic DNA was used. A DQ beta gene from an equine cDNA library was also sequenced. Our methodology and the similarity between the genomic and the cDNA sequences suggest that the studied locus is expressed on equine lymphocytes. In the predicted amino acid sequence the most extensive variation is located at residues 56-60. The pattern of these five amino acids is strongly correlated to the sero...
Ginther OJ.Ultrasonography was used to determine whether there is embryo reduction in mares with unilaterally fixed twins when a major portion of the vascularized area of the wall of one of the embryonic vesicles is in apposition with the wall of the adjacent vesicle, rather than with the endometrium (deprivation hypothesis). In addition, the effect of ovulatory pattern (synchronous and asynchronous) on the incidence of embryo reduction was studied. Twin vesicles were ultrasonically detected on days 11 to 15 (ovulation = day 0) and were examined daily until there was embryo reduction or until day 40. In ...
D'Arcy-Moskwa E, Weston L, Noble GN, Raidal SL.Mucosal integrity may be objectively assessed by determination of the absorption of exogenous substances such as sucrose. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) have been reported for the accurate quantification of low concentrations of sucrose in serum. LC/MS offered the advantage of high sensitivity and mass selectivity without the need for extensive sample derivatization required for GC/MS methods. However, the high polarity and non-volatile nature of the sucrose molecule renders LC/MS techniques challenging. Previously published rep...
Souillard A, Audran M, Bressolle F, Jaussaud P, Gareau R.The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) were investigated after subcutaneous administration to horses. Four horses received a single 30IU kg-1 dose of rHuEpo. One horse received three repeated doses of 120 IU kg-1 at 48 h intervals. Plasma erythropoietin (Epo) was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both cases pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using a one-compartment open model and first-order input and output rates. The mean values (+/-SD) for elimination half-life, CL/F, and Vd/F after a single dose were 12.9 +/- 3.34 h, 11.8 +/- 4.96 L h-1, and 233 +/- 126 L, respectivel...
Zicker SC, Marty GD, Carlson GP, Madigan JE, Smith JM, Goetzman BW.Bilateral renal dysplasia and nephron hypoplasia was diagnosed in a Quarter Horse foal with clinical signs of lethargy, convulsions, and diarrhea. Laboratory evaluation revealed anemia, hypoproteinemia, leukopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyposmolality. The foal also had high concentrations of serum creatinine, BUN, and phosphorus. Evaluation of urinary indices revealed a high ratio of urinary gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity to concentration of creatinine, as well as a high fractional clearance ratio of sodium and potassium. Intravenous treatment with saline solution (0.9% NaCl) a...
Walter KM, Moore CE, Bozorgmanesh R, Magdesian KG, Woods LW, Puschner B.Two horses were referred for methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia following 5 acute deaths in their herd from an unidentified toxin source. Horses have a greater risk than other mammalian species of developing methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia following ingestion of oxidizing toxins, due to deficiencies in the mechanisms that protect against oxidative damage in erythrocytes. Their susceptibility to oxidative erythrocyte damage is evident in the numerous cases of red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicosis. The suspected toxins causing A. rubrum toxicosis are tannic acid, gallic acid, and a metabo...
Benamou AE, Marlin DJ, Lekeux P.Based on previous in vitro studies, we hypothesised that endothelin (ET) would induce vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circululation of the horse and that this action would be mediated via ET(A) receptors. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoactive endogenous peptide, were investigated in 6 conscious, nonsedated horses at rest. Bolus i.v. injections of exogenous ET-1 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 microg/kg bwt) caused significant increases in pulmonary (PAP) and carotid (CAP) artery pressures, with peak increases of 79% and 51% for mean PAP and CAP, respecti...
Martinez de Andino EV, Brom-de-Luna JG, Canesin HS, Rader K, Resende HL, Ripley AM, Love CC, Hinrichs K.To assess meiotic and developmental competence after transfer of immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) to the preovulatory follicles of mares (intrafollicular oocyte transfer (IFOT)). Methods: In Experiment 1, mares received an ovulatory stimulus at IFOT. Thirty hours later, COCs were recovered from the follicle, and mature oocytes underwent ICSI and embryo culture. In Experiments 2 and 3, autologous vs. allogeneic COCs were used. The mares were inseminated and embryos were recovered. In Experiment 3, the ovulatory stimulus was administered 9 h (autologous) and 15 h (allogeneic) before IF...
Mayhew IG.Parameters for the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of neurologic diseases in the horse were determined from 210 horses in which a definitive pathologic diagnosis was confirmed. The overall efficiency of diagnosis for all diseases was 0.95 although the validity varied from 0.79 to 1.00, the sensitivity varied from 0.73 to 0.95, and the specificity varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for individual disease categories. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was overdiagnosed, whereas Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, and traumatic neurologic disease were underdiagnosed. T...
Dyer RM, Leid RW.Isolated equine alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage of four live ponies demonstrated surface receptors for equine IgG, equine IgM, and complement-coated sheep red blood cells, but not equine IgM or complement-coated erythrocytes alone. In addition, demonstration of IgG receptors was found to depend on the level of erythrocyte sensitization and could not be demonstrated by red blood cell rosetting techniques at low levels of sensitization. Demonstration of receptors for equine complement by red cell rosetting techniques required the presence of both IgM antibody and serum d...
Mahne AT, Janse van Rensburg D, Hewetson M.A 4-year-old Thoroughbred gelding underwent an explorative celiotomy for a suspected small intestinal obstruction. During surgery, an impacted diverticulum of the ileum was suspected, necessitating a jejunocaecostomy. The owner opted for euthanasia. On post-mortem examination and histopathology, a true diverticulum on the mesenteric side of the ileum, with ileal hypertrophy, was diagnosed.
Gandini M, Giusto G, Iotti B, Valazza A, Sammartano F.Stapled jejunocecal anastomoses are commonly performed in equine abdominal surgery. They carry higher complication rates compared to handsewn techniques. In human surgery various causes likely to lead to failure of stapled techniques have been evaluated, including staple line failure. Recently Freeman proposed a technique to perform a stapled jejunocecal anastomosis in horses while avoiding blind pouch formation. The aim of this study is to describe a method for stapled side-to-side jejunocecal anastomosis in horses and to compare it with other techniques with computed tomography to assess sto...
Strand E, Martin GS, Crawford MP, Kamerling SG, Burba DJ.The objective of this study was to determine if intraarticular pressure, elastance of the soft tissue forming the dorsal pouch, and range of motion in flexion measurements are significantly different in Thoroughbred metacarpophalangeal joints with clinical evidence of idiopathic synovitis, primary synovitis, synovitis/capsulitis, or osteoarthritis relative to clinically normal joints. Forty-two metacarpophalangeal joints, in 25 active or retired Thoroughbred racehorses, were categorised by palpation and visual inspection of the palmar pouch into one of 4 increasing grades of distention. Intra-...
Deem DA, Traver DS, Thacker HL, Perryman LE.Immunologic deficiency was suspected in an 18-month-old Standardbred horse with persistent fever, multifocal bacterial infection, and neutropenia with a large number of immature neutrophils. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked depression of the gamma-globulin fraction (0.2 g/100 ml). Immunologic testing and histologic examination of lymphoid tissues identified the immune deficit as agammaglobulinemia. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgG(T) were initially low and declined with time; IgM and IgA were not detectable. The horse failed to produce antibodies when inoculate...
Williams NJ, Slovis NM, Browne NS, Troedsson MHT, Giguėre S, Hernandez JA.Diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, and correct identification of etiologic agents is essential for effective disease management. Objective: To examine the association between diarrhea and detection of Enterococcus durans or other enteropathogens in neonatal foals on 1 breeding farm in Kentucky, USA. Methods: Fifty-nine Thoroughbred foals and their broodmares. Methods: Prospective observational study. Study foals and broodmares were sampled and tested for E. durans and other enteropathogens during the first 10 days after foaling. The frequency of...
