Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Kroneman J.The anatomical and electrophysiological basis of the electrocardiogram are described. Attention is drawn to the fact that the technique of recording has not been standardized and to the failure to file the data obtained on an international scale. Today the ECG is only useful in recording arrhythmias, the clinical significance of which is estimated empirically.
Slauson DO, Hahn FF.Advances in the understanding of human respiratory disease can come from careful clinical studies of the diseases as they occur in man, but such studies are naturally limited in terms of experimental manipulation. In the last 2 decades, an increasingly complex plethora of experimental respiratory disease models has been developed and utilized by investigators, but relatively less attention has been paid to the naturally occurring pulmonary diseases of animals as potential models. This paper is aimed at presenting selected examples of spontaneous pulmonary disease in animals that may serve as e...
Scott EA, Byars TD, Lamar AM.The hematologic and clinical effects of anticoagulation with warfarin were documented in 4 horses. All of the animals had thrombophlebitis (external jugular vein). Measures of coagulation were monitored, with a prothrombin time of 1.5 to 2.5 x base-line value being used as the effective range of anticoagulation. Recanalization was achieved in 2 of 4 cases. Hemorrhage, both subcutaneous and through a surgical incision, was a complication. Vitamin K1, an antidote to warfarin toxicosis, was administered intravenously to reverse anticoagulation and to control hemorrhage.
Bisgard GE, Forster HV, Klein JP.Resting ventilation (PaCO2) and ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia and to intravenous NaCN were assessed over a 4-yr period following cutting of the carotid sinus nerves and stripping the adventitia of the aortic arch. The data indicated essentially complete loss of peripheral chemoreceptor function immediately after surgery and hypoventilation during normoxia (delta PaCO2 = +8.7 Torr). There was a time-dependent, partial recovery of peripheral chemoreceptor function between 2 and 22 mo after surgery. Approximately 10% of the ventilatory response to iv NaCN returned, and 30-40% of the norm...
Littlejohn A, Bowles F.The intrathoracic pressure was determined by direct intrapleural cannulation in 17 clinically normal horses and 14 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There were significant differences between the normal and COPD horses with regard to max. Ppl and max. delta Ppl. The mean values for minimum Ppl of the 2 groups of subjects were not significantly different. The results were discussed in relation to those of other workers.
Louw JP, Meyer S, Schröder J.The anthelmintic efficacy of a 44.5% paste formulation of cambendazole was evaluated in a critical trial performed on 5 horses and a donkey. A dosage of 20 mg/kg showed reduction of mean parasite burdens as follows: Strongylinae greater than 99%; Cyathostominae 94%; immature and adult Oxyuris equi 89 and greater than 99%; Probstmayria vivipara greater than 99% and Habronema muscae 97%. Parascaris equorum and Anoplocephala perfoliata were present in small numbers in individual animals only, and while all were removed by treatment, the small numbers did not justify calculation of a percentage ef...
Haynes PF, Snider TG, McClure JR, McClure JJ.Chronic chondritis of the arytenoid cartilage was diagnosed in 7 male Thoroughbred horses examined for obstructive upper airway disorders. The history of the cases was characterized by a 3- to 6-month progression of exercise intolerance and inspiratory dyspnea during exercise. Endoscopy revealed marked asymmetry of the rima glottidis, partial or complete inability to abduct the involved cartilage, and axial displacement of the involved arytenoid cartilage. In less severe cases, the disorder was confused with laryngeal hemiplegia. Focal elevated lesions of the involved cartilage, which were fre...
Lindsay WA, McDonell W, Bignell W.Intracompartmental muscle pressures were recorded from the right and left forelimbs (extensor carpi radialis, triceps brachii) of healthy horses maintained in left lateral recumbency while under deep halothane anesthesia for 180 to 240 minutes. Cardiac output, blood pressure, blood gases, and acid-base status were monitored throughout the anesthesia, and electrolyte levels (Ca2+, P+, K+, Cl-, Na+) and enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and blood lactate) were monitored for 7 days. Postanesthetic forelimb lameness was produced in 5 of the 6 horses...
Goldberg M, Molon Noblot M, Septier D.The effect of 2 methods of demineralization on the preservation of proteoglycans and glycoproteins was studied in the intertubular and peritubular dentine of the horse. The specimens embedded in Epon were demineralized with a 2% acid formic solution (Bonucci and Gheradi, 1975). Other fragments were treated with an organic solution of EDTA alkylammonium salt (Scott and Kyffin, 1979). These methods preserved in a satisfactory way these labile organic components. In the intertubular dentine, glycoproteins and proteoglycans were also identified, either associated with collagen fibres as a glue and...
Dabernat HJ, Delmas CF, Tainturier DJ, Lareng MB.The in vitro susceptibility of recent clinical isolates of Haemophilus equigenitalis to various antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion test and the World Health Organization-International Collaborative Study agar dilution procedure. Ampicillin and tetracycline were the most active drugs. All strains were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin (Furadantin), and bacitracin. All but two strains were resistant to streptomycin, whereas all strains were susceptible to the other aminocyclitol antibodies...
Dutta SK, Myrup A, Bumgardner MK.Six pony foals, experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), were studied for their lymphocyte responses to EHV-1 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulations. Lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of EHV-1 appeared as early as 2 days after the foals were inoculated, reached a peak in 7 to 10 days, and subsequently decreased. In contrast, the lymphocyte blastic transformation in the presence of PHA increased sharply, reaching a peak in 2 to 3 days, and then decreased to its lowest level in 10 days after which it returned to its near preinoculation level. As for the mecha...
Irwin DH, Howell DW.The clinical and laboratory findings of illness in a 2-year-old Thoroughbred filly are described. The treatment employed, including unilateral nephrectomy, and the macro- and microscopic findings in the diseases kidney are presented and this rare case is discussed briefly.
Clegg GA, Stansfield RF, Bourne PE, Harrison PM.An electron density map of horse spleen apoferritin at 0.28-nm (2.8 A) resolution and its preliminary interpretation have been described previously. Rigorous examination of this and newer maps at the same nominal resolution but calculated from more extensive data sets, including model building in a Richards' comparator, now allows us to report on structural features in more detail. We list inter-helical angles within and between neighbouring subunits, and describe a new short region of inter-subunit anti-parallel pleated sheet. A short section of electron density not properly accounted for in ...
Turner TA, Fessler JF.Eleven horses with rectal prolapses were examined at Purdue University. Nine of the 11 prolapses were corrected by submucosal resection. Four of those were treated by a modified submucosal resection that apposes mucosa as well as submucosa. Follow-up of 8 cases, at intervals ranging from 4 months to 6 years, established that rectal prolapse did not recur following the resection.
Taylor TS, Vaughan JT.A study was conducted in an effort to explain why digital necrosis sometimes follows neurectomy in the horse. Six horses were subjected to unilateral section of the medial and lateral palmar nerves. Arteriography was done on each digit prior to surgery. Terminally, arteriography was repeated. Sections of bone, nerve, artery, skin, coronary band, and deep flexor tendon were examined histologically. Changes in arterial pattern and bone quality were noted. During the study, 2 of the horses had clinical signs of digital necrosis. The composite findings suggested trauma or infection, or both, of th...
Prokop O, Geserick G, Patzelt D, Meier F.The immunological comparison of human and equine Gc proteins showed partial identical reactions between both species. Immunizations of goats and rabbits with horse serum produced antisera able to recognize human Gc proteins.
Phillips AW, Woodrooffe JG, Courtenay JS, Whitaker AM, Thomas D, Woiwod AJ.Antibodies to cultured human lymphoblasts were raised in horses using a schedule employing both subcutaneous and intravenous routes of injection. Plasma from groups of horses was pooled and the IgG prepared from each pool was tested extensively for safety and immunosuppressive efficacy in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of the results of skin grafting in monkeys, only globulins derived from the first main bleeds were blended to produce a bulk for clinical use. One early pool of globulin was discarded because when undiluted, it was lethal in monkeys by the intravenous route, and another pool wa...
Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A....Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the fruit of L. (dill tincture) when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of approximately 0.9%. The product contained 0.0247% polyphenols (of which 0.0137% were flavonoids) and 0.003% carvone. Estragole was present at concentrations between the limit of detection and the limit of quantification in the five batches examined. The Panel on A...
Pellegrini A, von Fellenberg R.Pre-alpha 2-elastase inhibitor of horse plasma has recently been isolated in our laboratory. In this article we demonstrate that the inhibitor is a composite structure built of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha 1-beta 1-glycoprotein. The compound inhibitor is biologically active, although it has previously been shown that its enzyme specificity is different from that of free alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Our observations are based on immunochemical cross-reactions between pre-alpha 1-elastase inhibitor and antibodies to alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein as well as antibodies to alpha 1-proteina...
Earing JE, Lawrence LM, Hayes SH, Brummer M, Vanzant E.The ability of young and mature horses to digest DM, OM, and NDF was compared using 6 weanling colts and 6 mature (13.2 ± 3.0 yr) geldings. Each colt was paired with a gelding, and the pair was adapted to a diet containing 67% alfalfa cubes and 33% concentrate for 21 d. During the adaptation period, horses were accustomed to housing and all handling procedures. The adaptation period was also used to adjust the amount of feed offered to minimize orts and to maintain similar rates of intake within a pair. After the adaptation period, a 5-d fecal collection period using fecal collection harnesse...
Tuska P, Tóth B, Vásárhelyi G, Hangody L, Papp M, Bodó G.The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in biomarker and synovial parameters following autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) in the equine stifle joint, to test the hypothesis whether synovial parameters would show significant differences at selected time points following the surgery (at days 3, 14, 60 and 180) compared to baseline level (at day 0). Surgical intervention was performed in both stifles of nine horses (n = 18). The joints were randomly assigned to operated and sham-operated groups. Grafts 8.5 mm in diameter were harvested from the femoropatellar (FP) joint unde...
Clayton HM, Trawford AF.A field study was designed to investigate the re-establishment of patent lungworm infections in donkeys following an anthelmintic treatment regime which was effective against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. In April 1979 faecal samples from 259 donkeys were examined and each animal classified as a negative, low positive or high positive excretor of lungworm larvae. During the summer the control group of 126 donkeys showed an increase in the number of excretors from 80 per cent in April to 91 per cent in October. At the same time there was a rise in the faecal larval output of individual animals so tha...
Knych HK, Steffey EP, White AM, McKemie DS.Tramadol is an analgesic agent used in man and a number of veterinary species. The pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects of tramadol and its active metabolite have been described in mature horses, but not in young foals. Objective: To characterise the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and some induced behavioural and physiological responses following i.v. tramadol administration in the same group of foals on 4 different occasions, from a few days after birth to age 43 days. Methods: Experimental. Methods: Tramadol was administered i.v. (3 mg/kg bwt) to a group of 8 foals on 4 separate occasion...
Antal A, Szabó I, Vajda G, Antal VD, Polner A, Totth B, Szollár I, Stipkovits L.Clinical, microbiological, haematological, and immunological investigations were carried out in mares and their foals of 2 studs. A considerable number of foals fell ill with pneumonia, the mortality rate was high. Mycoplasmas were mostly isolated from nasal swabs and from the lungs. The isolation rate of bacteria was lower. Serum IgG concentration was reduced in the diseased or dead foals compared to that of healthy animals, the data stress in importance of IgG in the development of respiratory diseases also in foals.
Rieger D, Bruyas JF, Lagneaux D, Bézard J, Palmer E.The decrease in embryo viability caused by cryopreservation may be due, in part, to metabolic disturbances. To determine the effect of cryopreservation on metabolism, Day -6.5 horse embryos were either frozen and thawed using glycerol as the cryoprotectant, given only the glycerol treatment or washed an equal number of times in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Before and after treatment, individual embryos were incubated with L-[14C(U)]-glutamine, to measure Krebs cycle activity, and D-[5-3H]-glucose, to measure Embden-Meyerhof pathway activity. Before treatment, glucose metabolism ranged from...
Sembrat RF, Di Stazio J, Stremple JF.This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using alert, conscious ponies as a model for septic shock in man. Ten ponies were given 0.7-5 X 10(9) organisms/kg of body weight of live E coli intravenously over one hour. All ponies died and exhibited signs of low cardiac output septic shock. significant decreases were found in cardiac index to 3.15 +/- 0.1 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.05), white blood cell count to 1,930 +/- 100 cells/m3 (P less than 0.05), preterminal blood glucose to 75 +/- 5 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), PaO2 to 75.7 +/- 5.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), and pH to 7.15 +/...
Chua HC, Stewart B, Lim BH, Lee HK.A chromatographic method was developed to detect and confirm the presence of chlorpropamide (I) in horse plasma samples, for antidoping control. The plasma sample (1 ml) was extracted with dichloromethane and screened by high-performance liquid chromatography, and confirmation of the drug's presence was accomplished by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limit of detection was found to be 3.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. Derivatization of I with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane allowed for highly stable, accurate and sen...
Nielsen MK, Doran D, Slusarewicz P.Fecal egg counts are essential monitoring tools in veterinary parasite control. In recent years, several groups have developed automated egg counting systems based on image analysis and deep learning algorithms. Work in our laboratory demonstrated that an automated system performed with significantly better precision than traditional egg counting techniques. However, while the counting process is no longer operator dependent, the pre-analytical homogenization steps still are. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of sample homogenization on diagnostic performance on an automated equine ...
McCrindle CM, Ebedes H, Swan GE.Two Arabian horse stallions with behavioural problems were treated with long-acting neuroleptics in order to facilitate corrective training. Perphenazine enanthate, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 had an effect for 30 d. Pipothiazine palmitate (1 mg kg-1) induced tranquilization of 30 d duration as well as extra-pyramidal clinical signs, ataxia and aphagia. Neither horse showed prolapse of the penis or haemolysis.
Still J, Serteyn D, van der Merwe CA.Anaesthesia was induced in horses (n = 6) with a mixture of thiopentone and guaiphenesin and maintained by mechanical ventilation with a mixture of oxygen, air and isoflurane. Inspiratory and end-expiratory concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and isoflurane were measured. Electrocardiography was used to evaluate heart rate and rhythm. Mean systemic arterial pressure (SAPm), pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm), right atrial pressure (RAPm) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured directly. Cardiac output was determined using the thermodilution method. Microcirculation in th...
