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Topic:Genetics
Genetics in horses encompasses the study of hereditary traits and the genetic makeup that influences various characteristics and health conditions in equine populations. This field involves the analysis of genes and their functions, inheritance patterns, and the impact of genetic variations on traits such as coat color, performance ability, and susceptibility to diseases. Research in equine genetics employs techniques such as genome mapping, sequencing, and genetic testing to identify specific genes and mutations associated with these traits. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic basis of equine traits, the methodologies used in genetic research, and the implications for breeding, health management, and conservation of horse breeds.
The primary structure of monomeric beta-lactoglobulin I from horse colostrum (Equus caballus, Perissodactyla). beta-Lactoglobulin-like proteins were detected in horse colostrum and normal milk using immunological techniques. In contrast to the beta-lactoglobulins sequenced so far these proteins are monomeric and genetically not homogenous. In this paper we report the first primary structure of a monomeric beta-lactoglobulin from horse colostrum. By means of an automatic liquid-phase sequenator the sequence of peptides obtained by tryptic digestion and by cyanogen bromide cleavage was determined. A limited tryptic digestion and hydrolysis with chymotrypsin provided the necessary overlapping peptides. Th...
Prevalence of organisms described as Actinobacillus suis or haemolytic Actinobacillus equuli in the oral cavity of horses. Comparative investigations of strains obtained and porcine strains of A. suis sensu stricto. Evidence was obtained to indicate that equine strains of organisms previously described as Actinobacillus suis or hemolytic variants of Actinobacillus equuli might constitute a separate group of organisms provisionally designated taxon 11. Four biovars were noticed within taxon 11. Selected DNA:DNA hybridizations support the classification of the mannitol positive biovar 2 of taxon 11 distinct from porcine A. suis. The final taxonomical position of taxon 11, however, has to await more detailed genetic studies including all biovars of taxon 11. A species name has not been suggested for the same...
Spavin: a proposed term for a non-fracture associated canine hock lesion. In accordance with macroscopic and microscopic features of the tarsal joint degeneration in the greyhound dog, the possibility of establishing a direct relation between this process and spavin or bone spavin is proposed. To date this has been considered limited to equine and occasionally bovine stock. This investigation has been carried out on three different levels: macroscopic, radiological and histological and has been completed with the corresponding graphic documentation.
DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. To determine whether DNA survives and can be recovered from the remains of extinct creatures, we have examined dried muscle from a museum specimen of the quagga, a zebra-like species (Equus quagga) that became extinct in 1883 (ref. 1). We report that DNA was extracted from this tissue in amounts approaching 1% of that expected from fresh muscle, and that the DNA was of relatively low molecular weight. Among the many clones obtained from the quagga DNA, two containing pieces of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were sequenced. These sequences, comprising 229 nucleotide pairs, differ by 12 base substitu...
The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin. The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin has been determined with the aid of an automatic sequencer. The protein chain consists of 123 amino acids and has a Mr of 14218. Elucidation of the structure involved sequence determination of native protein (residues 1-32), cyanogen bromide fragments, and tryptic, chymotryptic and S. aureus V8 proteolytic peptides. Approximately 67% of the residues are identical with corresponding residues of bovine alpha-lactalbumin B, and there is close homology with alpha-lactalbumin of other species.
Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates. Representative strains of EHV isolated from an aborted foetus and from a horse with rhinopneumonitis in New Zealand had restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints typical of those usually associated with these syndromes elsewhere and now designated EHV1 and 4 respectively. EHV1 was isolated from the brain and spinal cord of a 4-year-old gelding that died of myeloencephalitis. A mare on the same farm, at about the same time as the gelding developed myeloencephalitis, aborted and EHV1 was isolated from the tissues of the aborted foetus. Restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of the viruses iso...
Continuous cultivation of equine lymphocytes: evidence for occasional T cell-like maturation events in horses with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 foals with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were studied to determine the extent of lymphocyte differentiation that occurs in this disorder. PBMC from all 14 horses had the morphologic characteristics of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Cells from only one of 14 horses were responsive to phytolectin stimulation in a standard blastogenesis assay; however, PBMC from all 14 horses proliferated in continuous culture in the presence of partially purified interleukin 2. Furthermore, there were differences in the growth patterns of ...
Genetic organization of the polymorphic equine alpha globin locus and sequence of the BII alpha 1 gene. The equine alpha globin gene complex comprises two functional alpha genes and an alpha-like pseudogene arranged in the order 5'-alpha 2-(5kb)-alpha 1-(3kb)-psi alpha-3'. A single (embryonic) zeta-like sequence lies within a 12 kb region 5' to the alpha 2 gene. We have determined the sequence of the alpha 1 gene of the BII haplotype, one of two most common haplotypes (the other being BI) which encode alpha globins with either Tyr (BI) or Phe (BII) at codon 24 in both linked alpha genes. In BI and BII the non-allelic alpha 2 and alpha 1 genes respectively code for Gln or Lys at codon 60, thus ac...
Mare lactotransferrin: purification, analysis and N-terminal sequence determination. Mare lactotransferrin has been purified and analyzed. Its molecular mass is 81 kDa. A 28 amino acid long N-terminal sequence was established and a first series of comparisons with other transferrins was performed.
Usefulness of lymphocyte typing to exclude incorrectly assigned paternity in horses. Lymphocyte typing can be used to detect incorrectly identified parentage of horses. Efficacies of lymphocyte typing to solve paternity questions were calculated using gene frequency estimates of equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) markers for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Probabilities that ELA typing will detect an incorrectly assigned sire were 68.7% in Thoroughbreds, 67.9% in pacing Standardbreds, and 62.0% in trotting Standardbreds. These calculations demonstrate that ELA typing is among the most efficacious genetic systems for solving paternity questions in horses. Likewise, it could also ...
Effect of tyrosine modification on the biological and immunological properties of equine chorionic gonadotropin. The tyrosine residues of equine chorionic gonadotropin have been nitrated with tetranitromethane and the resulting effects on the biological and immunological activities of the hormone studied. All of the tyrosine residues in equine chorionic gonadotropin were found to react with tetranitromethane when a 100-fold molar excess of reagent was used or with an 8.6 molar excess in the presence of 5 M guanidine hydrochloride. Complete nitration abolished the biological activities and decreased the immunological activity of the hormone. The nitration of one tyrosine residue resulted in the loss of 70...
[Twin pregnancy in mares]. A number of findings on twin pregnancies in mares recently reported in the literature are evaluated in the present paper. From these findings it emerges that twin pregnancies in mares very rarely develop from a synchronous (less than 2 days apart) double ovulation but rather from an asynchronous (much greater than 2 days apart) double ovulation. The significance of these findings in daily practice is pointed out. Moreover, it was found that in more than 50 per cent of the cases in which twin pregnancies had been diagnosed about day 20, one embryo had died by day 36. From this fact it is conclu...
Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses. A bay roan Brabant Belgian stallion (ERn/ ern) was bred to eight chestnut American Belgian mares (ern/ ern), producing 57 foals. Thirty foals were bay roan, 25 were chestnut, one was bay, and one was chestnut roan. The recombination rate was 0.035 +/- 0.024, indicating fairly close linkage between the roan (Rn) and extension (E) loci.
Obtaining of pure transferrins D, M and R from equine serum and determination of transferrin level in relation to phenotype. By the method of precipitation with Rivanol (2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate) and ammonium sulphate followed by chromatography on DEAE cellulose three genetic variants of transferrin were purified from equine serum: D, M and R. Their molecular mass determined in this study was 80 000, and it was identical for all three variants, which differed slightly in their amino acid composition. The protein level was determined in the serum of 535 two-year-old thoroughbred English horses by the method of rocket immunoelectrophoresis using antibodies obtained against three transferrins. The individua...
Congenital phalangeal hypoplasia in Equidae. Three cases of unilateral congenital phalangeal hypoplasia are described in 2 horses and 1 mule. Radiographic lesions include severe hypoplasia of the 3rd phalanx, and associated hypoplasia of the 2nd phalanx in 2 cases, and hypoplasia or aplasia of the navicular bone in 2 cases. All animals could ambulate but were lame. Two cases had palpable laxity at the level of the coronary band. Documented etiology was not determined for the dysgenesis, but possibilities include inherited transmission or an environmental teratogen.
Partial amino-acid sequence and cysteine reactivities of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from horse heart. Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) from horse heart has five cysteine residues, two of which can be titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoid acid) in the native enzyme with no impairment of catalytic activity. The rate of modification is unaffected by the presence of substrates. Reaction with N-ethylmaleimide leads to loss of catalytic activity, the rate of inactivation being increased by the presence of substrates. Peptides containing 361 amino-acid residues (about 88% of the total number in the protein) have been isolated and ali...
Microheterogeneity of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase in various mammalian species and tissues. Excluding autophosphorylated species, at least six forms of the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (RII) from various mammalian tissues were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis of purified samples and of crude preparations photoaffinity labeled with 8-azido[32P] cAMP and by gel filtration. After autophosphorylation some heart RII forms termed type IIA (bovine, porcine, equine, and dog) shifted to a more slowly migrating band on SDS gels while others termed type IIB (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and monkey) did not detectably shift. Both subclasse...
Prevalence of Onchocerca cervicalis in equids in the Gulf Coast region. Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were detected in midventral skin biopsy samples in 64 of 84 (76%) mixed-breed ponies greater than 2 years old from the Gulf Coast area and in 42 of 51 (82.4%) horses from Louisiana breeding herds. The number of microfilariae per 8 mm of biopsied skin (ponies) ranged from 1 to 21,570. The number of microfilariae per 6 mm of biopsied skin (horses) ranged from 8 to 55,600.
Genomic alterations associated with persistent infections by equine infectious anaemia virus, a retrovirus. The unique periodic nature of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is believed to result from the ability of the infecting virus. EIAV, to undergo relatively rapid antigenic variations which circumvent host immune responses resulting in distinct virus populations in sequential clinical episodes in the persistently infected horse. This model was examined by oligonucleotide mapping comparisons of the RNA genomes of selected isolates of EIAV. Variations in oligonucleotide maps could be reproducibly demonstrated (i) after adaptation of the laboratory strain of EIAV to replication in a pony, (ii) after ...
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. II. Antibodies to ELA antigens produced during equine pregnancy. Evidence is presented for a reproducible maternal immune response to histocompatibility antigens during equine pregnancy. Mares were stimulated as a result of pregnancy to produce cytotoxic antibodies to paternal lymphocyte alloantigens. The majority of these antibodies were directed against antigens of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system, which is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the horse. In 16 experimental pregnancies produced using 12 mares and 4 stallions which had been typed for ELA antigens, there was correlation between ELA incompatibility between sire and dam and ...
Ascorbate reduction of horse heart cytochrome c. A zero-energy reduction reaction. The ascorbate reduction of horse heart ferricytochrome c in 0.05 M phosphate + 0.25 M sodium sulfate, at pH 7.3, as a function of temperature, 12-36 degrees C, and at alkaline pH 8.4 using stopped flow technique has been examined. The data have been analyzed in terms of a two-step mechanism, binding followed by reduction (Myer, Y.P., Thallam, K.K., and Pande, A. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 9666-9673). At neutral pH and up to about 26 degrees C, the first order reduction constant is independent of temperature, i.e. with zero or near-zero activation energy. At higher temperatures, it becomes temp...
