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Topic:Genetics
Genetics in horses encompasses the study of hereditary traits and the genetic makeup that influences various characteristics and health conditions in equine populations. This field involves the analysis of genes and their functions, inheritance patterns, and the impact of genetic variations on traits such as coat color, performance ability, and susceptibility to diseases. Research in equine genetics employs techniques such as genome mapping, sequencing, and genetic testing to identify specific genes and mutations associated with these traits. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic basis of equine traits, the methodologies used in genetic research, and the implications for breeding, health management, and conservation of horse breeds.
Effect of the stage of the oestrous cycle on the follicular population in pony mares. In the middle of the breeding season, 16 pony mares (n = 4 per day) were slaughtered on four different days (days 6, 14, 17 and the preovulatory day) of the oestrous cycle, day 0 being the day of the last ovulation. All the ovaries were examined histologically; the number, size and atresia (defined by granulosa cell pyknosis) of all follicles larger than 1 mm in diameter were studied, using a Kryotome-video recorder-TV system. Follicular distribution of all the sizes studied (1-5 mm, 5-10 mm, greater than 10 mm in diameter) was very similar in the right and left ovaries. However, compared to t...
Immunodeficiency disease in animals. Significant contributions to understanding the role of lymphocyte subpopulations in the immune response and to the characterization of immunodeficiencies in children have been achieved through study of animal models of immunodeficiency. Additional contributions can be made in two important areas. One is through identification of relevant, naturally-occurring models of adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. The second, and potentially more important contribution, would be the identification of the metabolic basis for existing immune deficiencies. The nece...
Control of ovulation in mares in the early breeding season with ovarian steroids and prostaglandin. Two trials were conducted to (1) determine the degree of control of ovulation achieved by treating mares in late winter with progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta combined after prior exposure to an artificially increased photoperiod, and (2) to examine the effectiveness of such a procedure incorporated into equine breeding farm management systems. Following a 15-day treatment of 150 mg progesterone and 10 mg oestradiol-17 beta daily with 10 mg PGF-2 alpha on the last day of steroid treatment, 27 of 31 mares ovulated on Days 8-14 after the last injection in one trial. Conception rate for mares m...
Cytogenetic and DNA analyses of equine abortion. Although no major structural or numerical abnormalities were found in the karyotypes of 12 aborted equine fetuses, two unrelated abortuses each carried a large polymorphism for the amount of heterochromatin in chromosome 1. In both karyotypes this chromosome was shown to be larger than its homolog. To determine the nature of the extra DNA in these chromosomes, equine DNA was isolated and characterized by buoyant density analysis. Equine mainband DNA had a buoyant density in neutral CsCl of 1.699 g/cm3, while the highly repetitive (dG+dC)-rich fraction had a buoyant density of 1.715 g/cm3. A ra...
A random walk model for the migration of Strongylus vulgaris in the intestinal arteries of the horse. A study of the migration of fourth stage larvae of the parasite Strongylus vulgaris in the intestinal arteries of the horse is presented. It is established, that the larvae migrate along the arteries in almost straight lines. It is suggested that this is primarily due to their ability to sense the curvature of the vessel wall, and not, as might have been expected, because of an ability to sense the direction of blood flow. A larva will sometimes alter its direction of motion when encountering a small off-branching artery. This behaviour suggests, that the migration of S. vulgaris larvae can be...
Species specificity of estrogen biosynthesis in pregnancy. Immunochemical difference of placental NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase in human, baboon and horse. NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductases from human placental aromatase II and from horse placental microsomes were solubilized and purified to show a single band of 83,000 daltons in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbits were immunized with purified human placental aromatase II NADPHcytochrome c (P-450) reductase. The resulting antibodies (Reduc-Ab) were used to examine the species specificity of estrogen biosynthesis and the reductase activity in humans, baboons, horses and rats. Rcduc-Ab suppressed androstenedione aromatase activity in human, baboon and horse placental microsomes wit...
Serologic and molecular comparisons of several equine herpesvirus type 1 strains. The molecular and serologic relatedness of 2 recent respiratory tract isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1, designated T1 and T2, were compared with the Army 183, Kentucky-A hamster-adapted (KyA-ha), and L-M cell-adapted (KyA-LM) strains. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels revealed differences in virion structural proteins among 4 purified strains. Seven envelope glycoproteins (molecular weight of 93,000, 65,000, 62,000, 60,000, 36,000, 20,000, and 18,000) corresponding to virion proteins 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26a, respectively, found in both the Army 183 and KyA-ha strains had slig...
Analysis of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 1: arrangement of cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII and BamHI. The genome of an Australian isolate of equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) has been analysed using the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII and BamHI, and a physical map constructed. Terminal fragments were identified by exonuclease treatments, and linkage of fragments was deduced by a combination of single- and double-digest experiments and cross-blot hybridizations. The genome has a mol. wt. of 100 x 10(6) and is comprised of a short unique region bounded by repetitive sequences, which is present in both orientations in approximately equal amounts in the DNA population, and a...
Differentiation of respiratory and abortigenic isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 by restriction endonucleases. Viruses classified by immunologic criteria as equine herpesvirus 1 cause respiratory disease and abortion in horses. Restriction endonuclease analyses of the DNA's of viruses from animals with respiratory disease and from aborted fetuses show that the patterns for respiratory viruses, while similar to each other, are entirely different from the patterns for fetal viruses. It is therefore proposed that the DNA restriction endonuclease patterns of fetal and respiratory viruses analyzed in this study be designated as prototypic of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, respectively.
Primary structure of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from horse muscle. I. Purification of cyanogen bromide peptides and amino acid sequence of peptide CB5 (104 residues). 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase was isolated from horse muscle and subjected to the action of cyanogen bromide. The resulting peptides were separated using gel filtration combined with either ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose in 6 M urea or high voltage paper electrophoresis. The sequence of the largest peptide, CB5, has been determined by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation carried out on the intact peptide and derivatives obtained by proteolytic digestion. The isolation of two peptides derived from CB5 by cleavage of the bond between Asp109 and Pro110 facilitated ...
Bacteriological and serological studies of haemophilus equigenitalis, agent of contagious equine metritis. Seventeen strains of haemophilus equigenitalis isolated from the cervix, clitoris, and urethra of mares were biochemically characterized with the API 10E and APIZYM test kit systems, conventional biochemical tests, and the porphyrin test. Antisera were prepared in rabbits. All of the strains were positive to the porphyrin test, and the requirement for factor X (hemin) or V (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) was not shown. Catalase, oxidase, phosphatase, and phosphoamidase tests were positive with all of the strains. Aminopeptidase (arylamidase) activity has been detected on beta-naphthylamide...
Immunochemical and biological properties of horse parathyroid hormone. No abstract available
beta-Endorphin: isolation, amino acid sequence and synthesis of the hormone from horse pituitary glands. Beta-endorphin has been isolated from equine pituitaries. Its amino acid sequence is identical to that of ovine, bovine and camel beta-endorphins except for substitution of the threonine residue at position 6 by serine. The equine beta-endorphin has also been synthesized by the solid-phase method. In comparison with the human hormone, equine beta-endorphin was shown to possess 3 times the receptor-binding activity in rat membrane preparations and 1.6 times the analgesic potency in the mouse tail-flick assay.
Some nutritional problems of horses. The effects of overfeeding, calcium-phosphorus imbalance, misuse of supplements and false advertising on equine nutrition are discussed. Overfeeding is known to cause disorders in several species but, although a similar relationship has been suggested on clinical evidence, no controlled trials on horses have been reported. It has also been suggested that overfeeding is a problem only for those horses with a genetic predisposition to skeletal problems. The importance of adequate calcium and phosphorus levels has been known for many years but severe cases of calcium deficiency still occur. Clien...
